Germany country information

Common names: Aal, Aalpricken, Ahlen
Occurrence: native
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Winkler, H.M., K. Skora, R. Repecka, M. Ploks, A. Neelov, L. Urho, A. Gushin and H. Jespersen, 2000
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: Spratte, S and U. Hartmann, 1998
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Spratte, S and U. Hartmann, 1998
Uses: live export: yes;
Comments: Found in the EEZ, coastal and inland waters of the German North and Baltic Seas (Ref. 88716). Considered endangered in Germany in 1994; minimum size restriction of 35 cm in Schleswig-Holstein in 1994 (Ref. 41851). Vulnerable in Schleswig-Holstein in 2002 (Ref. 88198) and in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in 2002 (Ref. 88199); least concern in Lower Saxony in 1993 (Ref. 88200). Reported eel landings from the coastal fishery of the North Sea and Baltic Sea have drammatically declined in recent decades, particluarly in the Schleswig-Holstein region where the 2004 landings were roughly 10% of these in the 1960s (Ref. 82708). Since 1965 DATRAS reported catches of 74 individuals out of 6,290 hauls and 1,842 individuals out of 2,883 hauls taken in or near the German EEZ of the North and Baltic Seas, respectively (Ref. 88760). Reported catches in the North Sea have decreased from 224 t in 1970 to 23.7 t in 2007 (Ref. 89138). Eels for restocking were caught in lower parts of the Elbe and Eider rivers and sold through the “Aalversandstelle” of the German Fisheries Association or directly to lake fishers for restocking of inland waters. This fishery reported catches of 4.1 t in 2004. No catches have been reported since then (Ref. 89138). In Schleswig-Holstein, reported landings are from small enterprises at Schlei and Trave Rivers. Around the island of Fehmarn and in the Lübeck Bight, catches have dramatically decreased during recent years and between 2004 and 2008 two-thirds of all pound net areas have been abandoned as a consequence. In the Mecklenburg-Western Pomeranian part of the Baltic coast a substantial eel fishery still exists, with reported catches declining from 108 t in 2001 to 76 t in 2007 (Ref. 89138). Muscle tissue of eels caught from the Elbe River and tributaries contained high levels of dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, exceeding maximum levels allowed by the EC in many samples (Ref. 82706). Recorded from ballast water in commercial vessels with destination port in Germany (Ref. 37896). National status of threat of freshwater stocks: lower risk/conservation dependent (Ref. 83311). Human activities in the German North and Baltic Seas that might affect European eels: fisheries, obstruction in rivers, restocking, eutrophication, chemical pollution, construction of cables and pipelines (Ref. 88171).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.ble.de/index.cfm?8C712107D9244972B3C193AC1917DCE7#Handelsbezeichnungen
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Muus, B.J. and P. Dahlström, 1968
National Database: AGRDEU

Common names from other countries

Anguille d'Europe, Anguila europea, Угорь европейский, ... more

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Anguilliformes (Eels and morays) > Anguillidae (Freshwater eels)
Etymology: Anguilla: Latin, anguilla, .-ae = eel (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Linnaeus.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Nước ngọt; Thuộc về nước lợ gần đáy; Di cư sông biển (để đẻ trứng) (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 700 m (Ref. 54218). Temperate; 4°C - 20°C (Ref. 2059); 75°N - 8°N, 82°W - 50°E (Ref. 42249)

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Atlantic Ocean: Atlantic coast from Scandinavia to Morocco; Baltic, Black and Mediterranean Seas; rivers of North Atlantic, Baltic and Mediterranean seas (Ref. 172, Ref. 51442). Continuous introductions to Asia and South and Central America. Spawning area in western Atlantic (Sargasso Sea). At least one country reports adverse ecological impact after introduction. Recent genomic DNA studies show that the European eel exhibits isolation by distance, implying that non-random mating and restricted gene flow among eels from different location exists (Ref. 43723). The existence of 3 genetically distinct sub-populations is suggested: a Northern European subpopulation (consisting mainly of the Icelandic stocks); a Western European subpopulation (including the Baltic, the Mediterranean and Black Sea); a Southern sub-population (including stocks of Morocco) (Ref. 43723, 89139).

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: L_m 55.0, range 45 - 65 cm
Max length : 122 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 88166); 133.0 cm TL (female); common length : 35.0 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 6125); common length :50 cm TL (female); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 6.6 kg (Ref. 39903); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 6.6 kg; Tuổi cực đại được báo cáo: 23 các năm (Ref. 106807)

Short description Khóa để định loại | Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 0; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0; Động vật có xương sống: 110 - 120. Elongated, anguilliform body (Ref. 51442), cylindrical anteriorly, somewhat compressed posteriorly (Ref. 6125). Lower jaw slightly longer and projecting (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442). Gill openings small and vertical, restricted to the sides (Ref. 6125). Elongated dorsal and anal fins, confluent with caudal fin (Ref. 6125, Ref. 51442), forming one unique fin from the anus to the middle of the back with minimum 500 soft rays (Ref. 40476). Dorsal fin origin far behind pectoral fins; anal fin origin slightly behind anus, well back from origin of dorsal fin (Ref. 6125). Pelvic fins absent (Ref. 2196, Ref. 51442). Greenbrown colored (Ref. 51442).

Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Inhabits all types of benthic habitats from streams to shores of large rivers and lakes. Naturally found only in water bodies connected to the sea (Ref. 59043). Territorial and solitary species; 'schools' of young eels which are observed from time to time are a mass response to outward conditions and not of active assembling (Ref. 172). Amphihaline (Ref. 51442). Migrates to the depths of the Sargasso Sea to spawn (Ref. 172, 51442). Eel larvae (leptocephali) are transparent ribbon-like. They are brought to the coasts of Europe by the Gulf Stream in 7 to 11 months time (Ref. 51442) and can last for up to 3 years (Ref. 8994). They are transformed into glass eels (6-8 cm length, cylindrical in shape and transparent to slightly pigmented in colour). They enter the estuaries and colonize rivers and lakes (Ref. 11941, 51442); some individuals remain in estuaries and coastal waters to grow into adults (Ref. 88171). The glass eel stage is followed by a long feeding period (from the yellow to the silver eel stage) lasting 6-12 years in males (Ref. 6125) and 9-20 years in females (Ref. 6125). Yellow and silver eels are benthic, found under stones, buried in the mud or in crevices (Ref. 89138). Yellow eels eventually lose their pigmentation, becoming dark dorsally and silver ventrally (called silver eels). Silver eels are also characterized by a clear contrasting black lateral line and enlarged eyes (Ref. 6125). At the end of their growth period, they become sexually mature, migrate to the sea and cover great distances during their spawning migration (5,000-6,000 km); with extensive daily vertical migrations between 200 m at night and 600 m during day time, possibly for predator avoidance (Ref. 89140). Gametogenesis occurs entirely during spawning migration. Average life span is usually 15-20 years (Ref. 88171). Male eels can grow up to 50 cm TL (Ref. 39903). Occurs at temperatures ranging from 0-30°C (Ref. 172). Its food includes virtually the whole aquatic fauna (freshwater as well as marine) occurring in the eel's area, augmented with animals living out of water, e.g. worms (Ref. 172). Best temperature for making eels sexually mature is 20-25°C (Ref. 35388). Sensitive to weak magnetic fields (Ref. 89141, 89142). Their high fat content and benthic feeding habits in continental waters make them vulnerable to the bioaccumulation of pollutants, such as heavy metals and organic contaminants, that may result in organ damage and impaired migration capability (Ref. 82710) and lowered genetic variability (Ref. 82711). Review of information supports the view that the European eel population as a whole has declined in most areas, the stock is outside safe biological limits and current fisheries not sustainable (Ref. 82712). Obvious decreasing of the stocks for all the continental native distribution area (Ref. 40476). Utilized fresh, dried or salted, smoked and frozen; can be fried, boiled and baked (Ref. 9988).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng

Catadromous species. When sexual maturity is reached they leave the river. Spawning migrations occur mainly during the second half of the year but have been observed year-round, usually commencing during dark nights (Ref. 172). Maturity is obtained during the spawning migration (Ref. 88171). Actual spawning has never been observed but is believed to occur solely in the Sargasso Sea between March and June (Ref. 89144). After spawning (at 600 m depth) adults die. Sigmund Freud described the testicles of eel (Ref. 72449).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối | Người cộng tác

Deelder, C.L., 1984. Synopsis of biological data on the eel, Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758). FAO Fish. Synop. (80, Rev. 1):73 p. (Ref. 172)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Critically Endangered (CR) (A2bd+4bd); Date assessed: 07 November 2018

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Appendix II: International trade monitored

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Appendix II: Migratory species conserved through agreements

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; Nuôi trồng thủy sản: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng

FAO(Aquaculture systems: Sản xuất, species profile; Các nghề cá: Sản xuất, species profile; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta

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Trophic ecology
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Ecology
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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 3 - 14.5, mean 7.9 (based on 1203 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00095 (0.00084 - 0.00108), b=3.17 (3.13 - 3.21), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).

Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.

Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179): thấp, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 4.5 - 14 năm (K=0.1; tm=6-30; tmax=23).

Prior r = 0.20, 95% CL = 0.13 - 0.29, Based on 2 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (64 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758)