Found on continental and insular shelves. Solitary (Ref. 26340) and sluggish fish, often encountered lying on the bottom (Ref. 9987). Nocturnal, feeding on bottom invertebrates such as spiny lobsters, shrimps, crabs, sea urchins, squids, octopi, snails and bivalves, and fishes like catfishes, mullets, puffers and stingrays. Ovoviviparous with 21 to 28 young in a litter (Ref. 9987, 43278). Kept in captivity for researches. May attack humans if they are molested or stepped upon accidentally. Edible, but mainly valued for its hide, which makes extremely tough and durable leather (Ref. 9987). Common over shallow sand flats, in channels, and around coral reefs; young may be found among prop roots of red mangroves (Ref. 26938).
棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚了。 一種獨居性 (參考文獻 26340) 與緩動性的魚, 時常見到了棲息於底部。 (參考文獻 9987) 夜行的, 吃底棲無脊椎動物例如棘龍蝦,蝦,螃蟹,海膽,烏賊,章魚,蝸牛與二枚貝 , 與魚例如鯰魚,烏魚,河豚與魟。 卵胎生的具有 21 到 28 幼魚在一胎。 為研究畜養於繁殖場了。 如果他們被干擾或不小心踩到,可能攻擊人類。 可食用的, 但是主要的價值在它的隱藏, 這製造非常強硬而持久的皮革.(參考文獻 9987) 在峽道中,普遍在水淺的沙地淺灘上, 與珊瑚礁的周圍; 幼魚可能在紅色紅樹林的支柱根之中被發現於。 (參考文獻 26938)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 22.3 - 28, mean 25.5 (based on 798 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.8125 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00417 (0.00157 - 0.01110), b=3.08 (2.85 - 3.31), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.2 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.14; tmax=25; Fec=21-28).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (65 of 100).