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Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844)

Silver carp
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Image of Hypophthalmichthys molitrix (Silver carp)
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
Picture by Ramani Shirantha


Bulgaria country information

Common names: Byal tolstolob
Occurrence: not established
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: | Ref:
Importance: minor commercial | Ref: FAO, 1994
Aquaculture: | Ref:
Regulations: | Ref:
Uses: no uses
Comments: Has established in aquaculture through assisted/artificial reproduction but has not established in the wild (Ref. 1739).
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/bu.html
National Fisheries Authority:
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Welcomme, R.L., 1988
National Database:

Common names from other countries

klasifikasi / Names Nama-nama umum | Sinonim (persamaan) | Catalog of Fishes(Marga, Jenis) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Cypriniformes (Carps) > Xenocyprididae (East Asian minnows)
Etymology: Hypophthalmichthys: Greek, hypo = under + Greek, ophthalmos = eye + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335);  molitrix: molitrix, approximately grinder (referring to the pharyngeal grinding apparatus) (Ref. 10294).
  More on author: Valenciennes.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

; air tawar; payau bentopelagis; potamodromous (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 20 m (Ref. 6898).   Subtropical; 6°C - 30°C (Ref. 37797); 63°N - 8°N, 73°E - 148°E (Ref. 120939)

Penyebaran Negara-negara | Daerah-daerah FAO | Ecosystems | Kemunculan | Point map | Introduksi | Faunafri

Asia: Native to most major Pacific dainages of East Asia from Amur to Xi Jiang, China (Ref. 59043) and Hanoi, Vietman (Ref. 120939). Introduced around the world for aquaculture and control of algal blooms. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (Ref. 1739). Often confused with Hypophthalmichthys nobilis (Ref. 59043).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur

Maturity: Lm 51.7  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 86798); common length : 18.0 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 35840); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 50.0 kg (Ref. 30578); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 20 Tahun (Ref. 121658)

deskripsi pendek Kunci identifiaksi (pengenalan) | Morfologi | Morfometrik

Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 7 - 10; Duri dubur: 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 11 - 17. Diagnosis: Body olivaceous to silvery. Barbels absent. Keels extend from isthmus to anus. Edge of last simple dorsal ray not serrated. Branched anal rays 12-13.5 (Ref. 13274). It differs from Hypophthalmichthys nobilis by having sharp scaleless keel from pectoral region to anal origin, 650-820 long, slender gill rakers, head length 24-29% of standard length, and plain pale coloration, greenish grey above, whitish below (Ref. 59043).

Biologi     Daftar kata (contoh epibenthic)

Found in their natural range in rivers with marked water-level fluctuations and overwinters in middle and lower stretches, swimming just beneath the surface. They feed in shallow (0.5-1.0 m deep) and warm (over 21°C) backwaters, lakes and flooded areas with slow current on phytoplankton and zooplankton (Ref. 30578, 10294). Bigger individuals from about 1.5 cm SL feed only on phytoplankton while larvae and small juveniles prey on zooplankton (Ref. 59043). Adults breed in rivers or tributaries over shallow rapids with gravel or sand bottom, in upper water layer or even at surface during floods when the water level increases by 50-120 cm above normal level. Conditions for spawning include high current (0.5-1.7 m/s), turbid water, temperatures above 15°C (usually 18-26°C) and high oxygen concentrations (Ref. 59043). Spawning ceases if conditions change (especially sensitive to water-level fall) and resumes again when water level increases. Juveniles and adults form large schools during spawning season. Mature individuals undertake long distance upriver migration at start of a rapid flood and water-level increase, able to leap over obstacles up to 1 m. After spawning, adults migrate to foraging habitats, In autumn, adults move to deeper places in main course of river where they remain without feeding. Larvae drift downstream and settle in floodplain lakes, shallow shores and backwaters with little or no current (Ref. 59043). In aquaculture, it can survive brackish water (up to 7 ppt) when released into estuaries and coastal lakes (Ref. 59043). Escape from fish farms are widely known even as they are stocked in large rivers and almost all still water bodies like lakes and ponds. Utilized fresh for human consumption and also introduced to many countries where its ability to clean reservoirs and other waters of clogging algae is appreciated even more than its food value (Ref. 9987). One of among 3 or 4 species of cyprinids whose world production in aquaculture exceeds 1 million tons per year (Ref. 30578).

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larva

rujukan utama Upload your references | Acuan | Koordinator | mitra

Skelton, P.H., 1993. A complete guide to the freshwater fishes of southern Africa. Southern Book Publishers. 388 p. (Ref. 7248)

Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)

  hampir terancam (NT) ; Date assessed: 20 January 2011

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

ancaman kepada manusia

  Potential pest




penggunaan manusia

Perikanan: komersial; Budidaya air: komersial
FAO(Aquaculture systems: production, profail spesis; Perikanan: production, profail spesis; publication : search) | FishSource | Sea Around Us

informasi lanjut

Trophic ecology
Bahan makanan
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Pemangsa
Ecology
Ekologi
Home ranges
Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
ukuran frekuensi
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances
Life cycle
Reproduksi, perkembang biakan
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Larva
Dinamika larva
Anatomy
Gill areas
Otak
Otoliths
Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Swimming type
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Suara-suara ikan
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)
Genetics
Genetika
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities
Human related
Aquaculture systems
profil budidaya air
Strain
Ciguatera cases
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Outreach
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References
Acuan

Alat, peralatan

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804):  PD50 = 0.6250   [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00773 - 0.01028), b=3.10 (3.06 - 3.14), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref. 93245).
Trophic level (Ref. 69278):  2.1   ±0.08 se; based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref. 120179):  sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (K=0.16-0.29; tm=2-6).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153):  High vulnerability (55 of 100).
kategori harga (Ref. 80766):   Unknown.