Australia country information

Common names: Beak, Beakie, High-finned spearfish
Occurrence: native
Salinity: marine
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: never/rarely | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Striped marlin are present in the east from off Torres Strait to Tasmania, and in the west from the North West Shelf to about 125°E off southern Australia (Ref. 6390). Stock structure: The stock structure of striped marlin in the Pacific Ocean is uncertain. Analyses of catch-effort data with morphometrics (Ref. 30364) and time (Ref. 30379) provided some evidence for separate northern and southern hemisphere stocks. However, evidence from catch-effort and tagging data and studies of spawning areas, body proportions and changes in body length related to geography (Ref. 30443) suggests that there is general movement of striped marlin between several widely separated areas of the Pacific. Some fish may range further than others, yet the overall diffusive movements (not migration) could permit management of different core areas of high catch rates as if they represented separate stocks (Ref. 30443). The stock structure of striped marlin in the Indian Ocean is unknown. Commercial fishery: Striped marlin are targeted by Japanese fleets of drifting longline vessels in the eastern Pacific, and off Japan and New Zealand. They are also targeted in tropical waters of the Australian Fishing Zone by these fleets, as are yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), bigeye tuna (T. obesus) and broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius). New South Wales does not allow the fish to be sold commercially, except for export (Ref. 9987, 6390) and striped marlin may not be sold in Western Australia. Striped marlin caught in the Japanese longline fishery off eastern Australia range from 70-170 kg processed weight. Those in the west coast fisher range from 10 kg to 140 kg, with modes at 21-27 kg and 50-60 kg. Maximum catch rates occur from September to November: on the east coast offshore between Gladstone and the Queensland-New South Wales border; and in the west, offshore between Exmouth and Broome. Highest catch rates of striped marlin occur further offshore than those of black marlin (Makaira indica). Off Western Australia (and other areas off the species’ distribution) the best fishing grounds for striped marlin are centred at the boundary of currents and where the sea surface temperature is 20-22°C (Ref. 30446). The Australian (domestic) catch of striped marlin by longline fleets is very much less than the catch by the Japanese longline fleet. The Japanese longline boats range in size up to 350 t and 45 m in length and each boat generally spends about 30-60 days in the Australian Fishing Zone during its fishing campaign in the south-west Pacific. The longlines comprise a main line 70-110 km long with a series of branch lines bearing a total of about 3000 hooks. One set of a single main line is made in any 24 hour period, and traditionally the lines are set to fish at between 50 m and 150 m depth. The primary market for striped marlin is the Japanese raw fish (‘sashimi’) and (‘sushi’) market. Striped marlin are the most valuable of all marlins. The prices paid for fresh striped marlin easily exceed those paid for any other species of billfish and are similar to those paid for bigeye tuna. Recreational fishery: Striped marlin are mainly caught by trolling or by handlining from anchored or drifting boats. Lures are live or dead bait of oily fish such as mackerel and small tunas (Scombridae), kingfish (Seriola species) or mullet (Mugilidae). Striped marlin are fished over continental shelf and slope waters. Generally the recreational fisheries for striped marlin are located off Queensland from about Mooloolaba to Cape Moreton, from about off Cape Hawke in New South Wales to Point Hicks in eastern Victoria and off Tasmania from Cape Barren Island to St Helens. The Western Australian fishery for striped marlin is centred off Exmouth. Most striped marlin are caught off the active New South Wales gamefishing centres of Port Stephens, Sydney and Bermagui. The largest striped marlin angled in Australia as of 1993, was 172 kg, from off Bermagui in 1988 (Game Fishing Association of Australia record). Up until mid 1992, 812 striped marlin had been tagged under the New South Wales Fisheries Research Institute’s gamefish tagging program, 410 of them off New South Wales. Six striped marlin had been recaptured. Resource status: The results of production models based on Pacific-wide catches from 1952 to 1980 and in 1985 suggest that striped marlin stocks are not over-fished. They are either close to an optimal level of fishing (Ref. 30364) or are below it (Ref. 30379). The status of the resources off eastern or western Australia is unknown. Also Ref. 2334.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Marlin rayé, Marlín rayado, Beakie, ... more

Classification / Names Tên thường gặp | Các synonym ( Các tên trùng) | Catalog of Fishes(Giống, Các loài) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

> Carangiformes (Jacks) > Istiophoridae (Billfishes)
Etymology: More on author: Philippi.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Sinh thái học

Biển; Ở đại duơng, biển (Ref. 51243); Mức độ sâu 0 - 200 m (Ref. 43). Subtropical; 20°C - 25°C (Ref. 54918); 46°N - 49°S, 19°E - 69°W (Ref. 54918)

Sự phân bố Các nước | Các khu vực của FAO | Các hệ sinh thái | Những lần xuất hiện | Point map | Những chỉ dẫn | Faunafri

Indo-Pacific: tropical, subtropical and temperate waters. Highly migratory species. The distribution in the Pacific Ocean is unique among billfishes and tunas in that it forms a horseshoe-shaped pattern from the northwest Pacific through the eastern Pacific to the southwest Pacific (Ref. 30443). In the Indian Ocean, fish are more densely distributed in equatorial regions with higher concentrations off eastern Africa, in the western Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and off northwestern Australia (Ref. 30444).

Length at first maturity / Bộ gần gũi / Khối lượng (Trọng lượng) / Age

Maturity: L_m 210.0, range 190 - ? cm
Max length : 420 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 30874); common length : 290 cm TL con đực/không giới tính; (Ref. 9308); Khối lượng cực đại được công bố: 440.0 kg (Ref. 30874)

Short description Khóa để định loại | Hình thái học | Sinh trắc học

Các tia vây lưng cứng (tổng cộng) : 0; Các vây lưng mềm (tổng cộng) : 42 - 48; Tia cứng vây hậu môn: 0; Tia mềm vây hậu môn: 18 - 24. Body elongated and compressed; upper jaw produced into a robust and medium sized beak; two dorsal fins, the height of the first greater than the greatest depth, short anteriorly, taller in the middle, then becoming shorter posteriorly; pectoral fins falcate and flexible, with 18 to 22 rays; body densely covered by small, embedded scales with 1 or 2 bluntish points; back dark blue; belly silvery; membrane of first dorsal fin blue black without dark spots; flanks with about 20 bluish stripes (Ref. 55763). Blue-black above and silvery white below, with about 15 rows of cobalt-colored stripes; 1st dorsal fin dark blue; other fins dark brown, sometimes with a tinge of dark blue; anal fin bases with a tinge of silvery white.

Epipelagic and oceanic species, usually found above the thermocline. Generally inhabit cooler water than either black (Makaira indica) or blue marlin (M. mazara) (Ref. 43). Most dominant and widely distributed of all billfishes. Their abundance increases with distance from the continental shelf (Ref. 6390). Usually seen close to shore only where deep drop-offs occur (Ref. 6390). Mostly solitary, but form small schools by size during the spawning season (Ref. 9987). They are usually dispersed at considerably wide distances. Feed on fishes, crustaceans and squids. Also caught with the harpoon. The flesh is the best among billfishes for sashimi and sushi. Marketed mostly frozen, sometimes fresh (Ref. 43); also smoked and frozen (Ref. 9987). Also Ref. 9137, 9574.

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | Sự tái sinh sản | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Ấu trùng

Females are indeterminate batch spawners with asynchronous oocyte development (Ref. 92477). Larvae are most abundant in the respective local early summers. The seasonal occurrence of mature females coincides with that of the larvae. The lower temperature limit in the distribution of larvae is approximately 24°C, both in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Spawning sites are between 10°S and 30°S in Southwest Pacific and 10°S and 20°S in northeastern Indian Ocean (Ref. 6390).

Main reference Upload your references | Các tài liệu tham khảo | Người điều phối | Người cộng tác

Nakamura, I., 1985. FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(5):65p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 43)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 10 May 2021

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Các nghề cá: Tính thương mại; cá để chơi: đúng

FAO(Các nghề cá: Sản xuất, species profile; publication : search) | FIRMS (Stock assessments) | FishSource | Biển chung quanh ta

Thêm thông tin

Trophic ecology
Các loại thức ăn
Diet compositions
Food consumptions
Food rations
Các động vật ăn mồi

Ecology
Sinh thái học
Home ranges

Population dynamics
Growths
Max. ages / sizes
Length-weight rel.
Length-length rel.
Length-frequencies
Mass conversions
Recruitments
Abundances

Life cycle
Sự tái sinh sản
Maturities
Fecundities
Spawnings
Spawning aggregations
Egg(s)
Egg developments
Ấu trùng
Sự biến động ấu trùng

Distribution
Các nước
Các khu vực của FAO
Các hệ sinh thái
Những lần xuất hiện
Những chỉ dẫn
BRUVS - Videos

Anatomy
Gill areas
Não bộ
Otoliths

Physiology
Body compositions
Nutrients
Oxygen consumptions
Dạng bơi
Swimming speeds
Visual pigment(s)
Âm thanh của cá
Diseases / Parasites
Toxicities (LC50s)

Genetics
Di truyền
Electrophoreses
Heritabilities

Human related
Aquaculture systems
Các tổng quan nuôi trồng thủy sản
Các giống
Ciguatera cases
Stamps, coins, misc.

Outreach
Người cộng tác

Taxonomy
Tên thường gặp
Các synonym ( Các tên trùng)
Hình thái học
Sinh trắc học
Các tranh (Ảnh)

References
Các tài liệu tham khảo

Các công cụ

Special reports

Check for Aquarium maintenance | Check for Species Fact Sheets | Check for Aquaculture Fact Sheets

Download XML

Summary page | Số liệu điểm | Tên thường gặp | Photos

Các nguồn internet

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 14.6 - 28.3, mean 25.9 (based on 1534 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.7505 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00297 - 0.01015), b=3.15 (2.98 - 3.32), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

Mức dinh dưỡng (Ref. 69278): 4.5 ±0.73 se; based on food items.

Thích nghi nhanh (Ref. 120179): Trung bình, thời gian nhân đôi của chủng quần tối thiểu là 1.4 - 4.4 năm (K=0.2-0.6; tm=2-3; Fec=90-281 million (annual reproductive output)).

Prior r = 0.37, 95% CL = 0.25 - 0.56, Based on 6 full stock assessments.

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate vulnerability (44 of 100).

Climate Vulnerability (Ref. 125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (48 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Kajikia audax (Philippi, 1887)