Australia country information

Common names: Australian whiting, Black whiting, King George whiting
Occurrence: endemic
Salinity: brackish
Abundance: abundant (always seen in some numbers) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: McKay, R.J., 1992
Aquaculture: experimental | Ref: McKay, R.J., 1992
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Known from Port Jackson (Sydney) in New South Wales (33°51'S), along the southern coasts as far south as northern Tasmania, and westwards to Jurien Bay in Western Australia (30°18'S) (Ref. 7300, 75154). Stock structure: In South Australia, there appears to be only 1 spawning stock in the main commercial fishery. However, the distribution of host-specific parasitic trematode flatworms (Microcotyle species) suggests that at least 2 populations exist across the species' range (Ref. 27670) - 1 in the east, the other in the west. Enzyme analysis on a limited sample of King George whiting from Victoria and South Australia also gave indications of sub-structuring within the King George whiting population (Ref. 27573). Commercial fishery: The fishery for King George whiting began at about the time of white settlement in South Australia and probably at about the same time in Victoria and Western Australia. The main commercial fishery is now located in South Australia, from Gulf St Vincent to Ceduna. Smaller fisheries are located in central Victoria and south-western Western Australia around Albany and Bunbury. The fisheries operate in spring and early summer (September to November) and to a lesser extent in autumn (April to June). Fish are caught either with seine net, power hauling and gillnets from small vessels in shallow (3-10 m) water, or by handline in deeper water. Most fishing effort is directed at 2-year-old to 7-year-old fish. Fish caught in nets average 32 cm in TL and those handlined average 34 cm. King George whiting are targeted and there is little bycatch taken in these fishing operations. However, some King George whiting are caught as bycatch of the southern sea garfish (Hyporhamphus melanochir) fishery (Ref. 27008). King George whiting are sold either fresh or frozen, usually fillets and sometimes whole. Most are consumed locally but excess fish are occasionally sent to Melbourne from South Australia. Recreational fishery: King George whiting are popular recreational fish throughout their range. Fishers use rod-and-line or handlines, mainly from boats but also from shore and jetties. Nets may be used but are prohibited in some areas. Shore anglers target immature fish. Significant quantities of King George whiting are caught by recreational fishers. For example, in South Australia, the recreational fishery accounted for nearly 38% of the total annual catch (61% in the Gulf St Vincent region) between 1979 and 1982 (Ref. 27008). The Australian Anglers Association records the largest King George whiting caught as 2.3 kg (from South Australia). Resource status: King George whiting are probably fully exploited throughout most of their shallower coastal range. In South Australia, there may be heavier fishing pressure than necessary for maximising catch per unit effort, yield per recruit and recreational fishing quality. This view is supported by the apparent reduction in size at first maturiry of King George whiting in the South Australian fishery since the mid 1960s (Ref. 27008). Also Ref. 4537, 9563, 9002.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

Spotted sillago, Pêche-madame moucheté, Silago manchado, ... more

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) 鱸形目 (Various families in series Eupercaria) > Sillaginidae (Smelt-whitings) 沙鮻科 (Smelt-whitings)
Etymology: Sillaginodes: See Sillago + Greek, oides = similar to.
More on author: Cuvier.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

海洋; 半鹹淡水居於水底的; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 2 - 200 m (Ref. 6390), usually 2 - 18 m (Ref. 6205). 亞熱帶的; 29°S - 41°S, 112°E - 152°E (Ref. 6205)

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Indo-West Pacific: southern Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 澳洲南部。

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

Maturity: L_m 34.0, range 32 - 36 cm
Max length : 72.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 6205); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 9563); 最大體重: 4.8 kg (Ref. 6205); 最大年齡: 15 年 (Ref. 6390)

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

背棘 (總數): 12 - 14; 背的軟條 (總數): 25-27; 臀棘 2; 臀鰭軟條: 21 - 24. The swim bladder is very elongate with a single slender tapering posterior extension and two anterolateral extensions. No duct-like urogenital aperture is present. Body color is pale brown, gray brown, or dark olive green above, and whitish pale brown or silvery below with reflections of mauve, blue green when fresh. The back and upper sides with oblique rows of small round dark brown to rusty brown spots; the lower sides with open-spaced rather scattered round dark spots. The belly is white and without spots. The dorsal fins are uniformly dark greenish brown to light brown sometimes spotted with dark brown; the anal, pectoral and pelvic fins are pale brown to hyaline; the caudal fin is greenish to brownish and finely dusted with brown (Ref. 6205).
泳鰾非常長的具有一個單一細長的尖端細的在後部的延長與二前外側的延長。沒有像輸送管一樣的泌尿生殖器的孔存在。體色是白褐色, 灰色褐色, 或深橄欖綠色的上方與微白色的白褐色或下面銀色的具有淡紫色的反光, 藍色的綠色新鮮時。背部而且上側面有列斜的小圓的深褐色的對赭褐色斑點; 下面的側邊具有開放的-有間隔的相當分散的深色圓斑。腹面是白色的而且沒有斑點。背鰭是全黑色綠褐色的到淡褐色有時斑點深褐色的; 肛門者, 胸鰭與腹鰭是白褐色到透明的; 尾鰭是呈綠色到褐色的而且細地有褐色色暈了.(參考文獻 6205)

Inhabit shallow inner continental shelf waters, including bays and inlets (Ref. 6390). For their first few years, they live mainly where seagrasses (Zostera species, Posidonia creeks. Small juveniles favor water depths from 2 m to 20 m. Adults inhabit more exposed waters along coastal beaches and reef areas (Ref. 27008, 27667), sometimes to depths as great as 200 m. Spawn in offshore waters from late summer to winter (Ref. 6390). Juveniles feed on benthic amphipods and other crustaceans. As they grow larger, their diet expands to include polychaete worms, mollusks and peanut worms (Sipuncula) (Ref. 27008, 27667). Oviparous (Ref. 205). This premium quality fish obtains a high price (Ref. 6205).

棲息於水淺的大陸棚內側水域, 包括灣內。 (參考文獻 6390) 他們的最初幾年，他們主要地生活在哪裡海草 ( Zostera 種， Posidonia 小溪。小的稚魚喜歡從 2 公尺到 20 公尺的水深度。成魚棲息於更多的裸露水域沿著海岸的海灘與礁區 (參考文獻 27008,27667), 有時到深度深達 200 公尺。產卵於從夏末到冬天的離岸水域中。 (參考文獻 6390) 稚魚吃底棲的片腳類動物與其他的甲殼動物。當他們生長比較大, 他們的食性擴展到包括多毛類的蠕蟲，軟體動物與星蟲 ( Sipuncula).(參考文獻 27008,27667) 這個高品質的魚獲得高的價格。 (參考文獻 6205)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

Are serial batch spawners, yet the number of spawnings in a season is unknown (Ref. 6390).印度-西太平洋: 澳洲南部。

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McKay, R.J., 1992. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 14. Sillaginid fishes of the world (family Sillaginidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the sillago, smelt or Indo-Pacific whiting species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(14):87p. (Ref. 6205)

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

未評估

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

對人類具威脅

無害處的

人類使用

漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 實驗的; 游釣魚種: 是的

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 115969): 15.3 - 18.5, mean 17.4 (based on 253 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00501 (0.00258 - 0.00973), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref. 93245).

營養階層 (Ref. 69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.

回復力 (Ref. 120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.47; tm=3-4; tmax=15; Fec=100,000).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (50 of 100).

價格種類 (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

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Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

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IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

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人類使用

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Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)

Common names from other countries

分類 / Names 俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生態學

分布 國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡

簡短描述 型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性 字彙 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior 成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚

主要參考資料 Upload your references | 參考文獻 | 合作者 | 合作者

IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

對人類具威脅

人類使用

更多資訊

工具

特別的報告

下載 XML

網路資源

Estimates based on models

分布國家 | FAO區域 | 生態系 | 發現紀錄 | Point map | 簡介 | Faunafri

簡短描述型態特徵 | 形態測量圖

生物學特性字彙 (例如 epibenthic)