Australia country information

Common names: Cod, Codfish, East coast cod
Occurrence: endemic
Salinity: freshwater
Abundance: common (usually seen) | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Importance: commercial | Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
Aquaculture: commercial | Ref: FAO, 1997
Regulations: restricted | Ref: Anderson, J.R., A.K. Morison and D.J. Ray, 1992
Uses: gamefish: yes;
Comments: Murray cod was originally distributed trhoughout the Murray-Darling river system in southeastern Australia, except for the upper reaches of the southern tributaries. Murray cod have been widely translocated to waters within their natural range and introduced to waters outside it throughout this and last century. In 1990, Murray cod have been introduced to the Cooper Creek system in central Australia (Ref. 27499). Very few of the earlier stocked populations have survived (Ref. 27446), but some are still present in many farm dams and water supply reservoirs. Stock structure: It has been demonstrated that populations of Murray cod, Maccullochella peelii, from the Murray-Darling basin were genetically divergent from Murray cod populations occurring in two coastal rivers of eastern Australia (Ref. 27444). Commercial fishery: The Aborigines were the first to fish for Murray cod, using traps, spears, nets and poisons. Early European explorers were quick to realise its value. The first commercial inland fishery began on the Murray-Darling river system in the mid to late 1800s. Murray cod dominated the early catches, with records (Ref. 27446) showing that it comprised 75% of the river fish available at the Melbourne Wholesale Fish market in 1900. Total inland catch declined from a peak in 1918, yet in 1940-51 Murray cod still comprised 42-65% of the total inland catch in New South Wales. It is now less than 10% of this catch (Ref. 27498). In South Australia Murray cod made up only 0.4% of the State's inland catch by 1988-89. As of 1993, the commercial fishery for Murray cod is concentrated on the lower reaches of the Murray and Murrumbidgee rivers, from Deniliquin to the South Australian border, the Edward and Wakool rivers and Lake Victoria. Gillnets and drum nets are the main nets used. Drum nets are set close to the banks in flowing water with their opening facing downstream. Gillnets are set in still waters and generally left overnight (Ref. 27500). All Murray cod caught are for domestic consumption. They are sold as wet, gutted fish in local markets and through the fish markets in Melbourne, Adelaide and Sydney. Recreational fishery: Murray cod is a highly valued recreational species because of its size, its value for sport and its edibility. Recreational fishing for Murray cod is concentrated around the major towns on the lower Murray, Murrumbidgee and Lachlan rivers and the Darling River (downstream from Menindee) and impoundments on or near these river sections (Ref. 27447). Murray cod are also keenly sought in the Barwon, Macintyre and other northern rivers. Anglers targeting Murray cod have most success using set lines with live bait such as small fish, yabbies (Cherax species) and 'bardi grubs' (burrowing moth and beetle larvae - Lepidoptera). Murray cod are also taken using rod-and-line with artificial lures (Ref. 27498). The recreational catch of Murray cod probably now surpasses the commercial catch. Although individuals exceeding 50 kg are rarely taken, small numbers of fish between 20 kg and 40 kg are regularly caught by experienced anglers. According to records of the Australian Anglers Association the largest fish taken weighed 50.4 kg, and was caught in South Australia in 1967. Resource status: Heavy commercial fishing pressure in the period up to the 1930s saw the decline of Murray cod in the inland catch. In the mid-1930s catches declined to levels unprofitable for large-scale operators. Catches of Murray cod increased again between 1940 and 1951, but declined in following years, stabilising around the current low levels in the 1960s (Ref. 27446). While much of the decline in Murray cod numbers up until the 1930s can be attributed to over-fishing, environmental changes such as those caused by removal of snags or by the construction dams, levee banks, and high level weirs throughout the Murray-Darling river system have undoubtedly had a major effect since the 1950s. These constructions have altered the natural flow and temperature regimes of the river and reduced the incidence of seasonal flooding. Flooding promotes the production of zooplankton on which Murray cod larvae feed, and its suppression has probably reduced larval recruitment and hence Murray cod numbers. Poor juvenile recruitment is probably the main reason for the continued decline in the Murray cod populations within the river system (Ref. 27446). Another possible factor contributing to the decline of Murray cod in the Murray-Darling river system is the introduced fish, redfin, Perca fluviatilis. The diets of these 2 fish species overlap extensively and it is also possible that juvenile redfin prey on cod larvae. Redfin also spawn earlier in water temperatures of around 12°C. As a result there is competition for resources, particularly during drought periods (Ref. 27446). Murray cod are now classified as a vulnerable species in Victoria (that is, a species that has undergone a substantial reduction in range and abundance and that is likely to become an endangered or threatened species if current trends continue) (Ref. 6987). Murray cod fishing is now banned in South Australian waters.
National Checklist:
Country Information: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/as.html
National Fisheries Authority: http://www.csiro.au/
Occurrences: Occurrences Point map
Main Ref: Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee and C. Grieve, 1993
National Database:

Common names from other countries

虫纹鳕鲈, Murraybars, 虫纹麦鳕鲈, ... more

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Teleostei > Centrarchiformes (Basses) > Percichthyidae (Temperate perches)
Etymology:

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

; 淡水居于水底的; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 ? - 5 m (Ref. 6390). 亞熱帶的; 21°S - 37°S

分布国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Oceania: throughout most of the Murray-Darling River system of South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales, and Queensland, except for the upper reaches of the southern tributaries (Ref. 6390). Introduced into many lakes and dams throughout Victoria and New South Wales. Their abundance has been drastically reduced across their natural range and they are now considered rare in many Victorian tributaries (Ref. 27498).
大洋洲: 在大部分的澳洲南部，維多利亞，新南威爾斯與昆士蘭省的 Murray-Darling 河流域各處, 除了支流南部的上游.(參考文獻 6390) 在維多利亞與新南威爾斯各處引入許多湖與水壩中了。他們的豐度已經大幅被縮小的過他們的原來的分佈範圍，而且他們是現在被認為稀有的在許多維多利亞女王時代的支流中.(參考文獻 27498)

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

Maturity: L_m 55.0, range 48 - 62 cm
Max length : 180 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5259); common length : 60.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5259); 最大体重: 113.5 kg (Ref. 27446); 最大年龄: 48 年 (Ref. 6987)

The Murray cod is one of the world's largest freshwater fish (Ref. 6390). They live in a wide range of habitats, from clear, rocky streams to slow flowing, turbid rivers and billabongs (Ref. 27498). They are generally found in waters to 5 m deep, in sheltered areas with cover from rocks, timber or overhanging banks. Adult fish are carnivorous, having a diet of invertebrates, fish, amphibians and occasionally reptiles, birds and aquatic mammals (Ref. 27498). The young feed on zooplankton. Spawning takes place from spring to early summer. Murray cod are territorial, their 'territory' associated with a specific hole, snag (large woody debris) or area of a river or lake (Ref. 27498). Juveniles may undertake migrations (Ref. 6390). Threatened due to over harvesting and habitat loss (Ref. 58490).

默里鳕鱼是世界最大的淡水鱼之一。 (参考文献 6390) 他们生活于宽范围的栖息地, 从清澈又岩石的溪流到减慢流动又浑浊的河与死水潭.(参考文献 27498) 他们是对 5 公尺深的通常发现于的水域, 在掩蔽的区域中以来自岩石, 木材或上悬的浅堆的表面。成鱼是肉食性的, 有一个无脊椎动物，鱼的食性，两栖动物与偶然地爬虫类, 鸟与水生的哺乳动物.(参考文献 27498) 幼鱼吃浮游动物。产卵从春天到初夏发生。默里鳕鱼是具有领域性, 他们的 '领土' 伴随着河的特定洞，断枝 (大的植物残砾) 或区域或湖了。 (参考文献 27498) 稚鱼可能进行回游。 (参考文献 6390)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼

Cod form pairs & only one male spawn with each female (Ref. 27498). The spawning site can be in water as shallow as 30 cm (Ref. 27498). The male protect and probably fans the eggs during incubation (Ref. 27498). Egg masses are laid on the bottom and adhere to the substrate (Ref. 6390).大洋洲: 在大部分的澳洲南部，維多利亞，新南威爾斯與昆士蘭省的 Murray-Darling 河流域各處, 除了支流南部的上游.(參考文獻 6390) 在維多利亞與新南威爾斯各處引入許多湖與水壩中了。他們的豐度已經大幅被縮小的過他們的原來的分佈範圍，而且他們是現在被認為稀有的在許多維多利亞女王時代的支流中.(參考文獻 27498)

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 : Arratia, Gloria | 合作者

Allen, G.R., 1989. Freshwater fishes of Australia. T.F.H. Publications, Inc., Neptune City, New Jersey. (Ref. 5259)

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

最不相关 (LC) ; Date assessed: 13 February 2019

CITES (Ref. 128078)

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

对人类的威胁

无害处的

人类利用

渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的

FAO(Aquaculture systems: 产生; ; publication : search) | FishSource |

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核实相关养殖管理页面 | 核实相关物种介绍页面 | 核实相关水产介绍页面

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Estimates based on models

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00408 - 0.02815), b=3.01 (2.79 - 3.23), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

营养阶层 (Ref. 69278): 4.2 ±0.62 se; based on food items.

回复力 (Ref. 120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (tm=3-6; tmax=48).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100).

价格分类 (Ref. 80766): Unknown.

Maccullochella peelii (Mitchell, 1838)

Common names from other countries

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

分布国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

生物学特性字汇 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 : Arratia, Gloria | 合作者

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

对人类的威胁

人类利用

更多信息

工具

特别资料

下载 XML

网络资源

Estimates based on models

Maccullochella peelii (Mitchell, 1838)

Common names from other countries

分类 / Names 俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range 生态学

分布 国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄

生物学特性 字汇 (例如 epibenthic)

Life cycle and mating behavior Maturities | 繁殖 | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | 仔鱼

主要参考文献 Upload your references | 参考文献 | 合作者 : Arratia, Gloria | 合作者

世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)

CITES (Ref. 128078)

CMS (Ref. 116361)

对人类的威胁

人类利用

更多信息

工具

特别资料

下载 XML

网络资源

Estimates based on models

分布国家 | FAO区域 | 生态系 | 标本纪录 | Point map | 简介 | Faunafri

生物学特性字汇 (例如 epibenthic)