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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Stolephorus: Greek, stole, -es = garment + Greek, pherein = to carry (Ref. 45335). More on author: Lacepède.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
; بحري; مياه مخلوطة; أسماك صاعدة (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 0 - 50 m (Ref. 82332). Tropical; 27°N - 24°S, 38°E - 155°E (Ref. 189)
Indo-West Pacific: Eastern coast of Africa, from Gulf of Aden to Zanzibar, northern Madagascar and Mauritius, but not from Red Sea or Persian Gulf, eastward to Hong Kong and Papua New Guinea (Ref. 189). Apparently replaced by Stolephorus apiensis in Fiji and Samoa (Ref. 189).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 7.3, range 7 - 7 cm
Max length : 10.0 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 189); common length : 8.5 cm SL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 189)
شوكة شرجية 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 21 - 22. Diagnosis: Body somewhat compressed, belly a little rounded, with 0-5 small needle-like pre-pelvic scutes; maxilla tip pointed, reaching to or a little beyond hind border of pre-operculum, the latter convex, rounded; lower gillrakers usually 23 to 28; small teeth present on upper edge of hyoid bones; isthmus muscle tapering evenly forward to hind border of branchial membrane; pelvic fin tips reaching to below anterior dorsal finrays; anal fin short, with usually 3 unbranched and 18-19 branched finrays, its origin below second half of dorsal fin base; body light transparent fleshy brown, with a silver stripe down flank; a pair of dark patches behind occiput, followed by a pair of dark lines to dorsal fin origin (Ref. 189). It closely resembles Stolephorus apiensis of Fiji and Samoa, which lacks pigment lines before the dorsal fin; and S. brachycephalus of Papua New Guinea, which has more anal finrays, no hyoid teeth, and more scutes; Stolephorus waitei has characteristic spots on the lower part of the head, and the pelvic fins do not reach to the dorsal fin origin, as also in S. chinensis; other Stolephorus species have the hind border of the pre-operculum concave near the maxilla tip (Ref. 189).
A schooling fish found in coastal waters, apparently entering brackish water (Ref. 189), at depths of 0-50 m (Ref. 82332). Present in Godavari estuary, India, from February to June in salinities of 19.6-32.0 ppt, but almost totally absent in subsequent flood season (Ref. 189). It feeds on surface plankton, primarily copepods and prawn larvae (Ref. 189). Eggs are oval with a knob (Ref. 189). Used for food and fish meal (Ref. 4537).
Life cycle and mating behavior
النضج | التكاثر | وضع البيض | بيض | الخصوبة | Larvae
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 123251)
CITES (Ref. 123416)
Not Evaluated
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: تجاري
مزيد من المعلومات
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أدوات
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 25 - 29.1, mean 28.3 °C (based on 1386 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00501 (0.00320 - 0.00786), b=3.18 (3.05 - 3.31), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.20 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 1.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): عالي, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع أقل من 15 شهر (K=0.95-0.96).
عرضة للخطر (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (14 of 100) .