Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
; marien; brakwater demersaal; diepteverspreiding 1 - 200 m (Ref. 4316), usually 75 - 150 m (Ref. 33616). Subtropical; 34°N - 43°S, 15°E - 154°W
Indo-West Pacific: Delagoa Bay, Mozambique to the Cape, South Africa; common in Australia and New Zealand and reported from Japan and Korea. Also reported from Hong Kong (Ref. 12086).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm 23.0  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 60.0 cm TL mannelijk/geslacht niet bekend; (Ref. 4316); common length : 40.0 cm TL mannelijk/geslacht niet bekend; (Ref. 9258); Maximaal gepubliceerd gewicht: 1.5 kg (Ref. 9988); Maximaal vermelde leeftijd: 15 jaren (Ref. 9072)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 9 - 10; Dorsale zachte stralen (totaal): 15-16; Anale stekels 0; Anale zachte stralen: 14 - 16; Wervels: 33 - 35. Olive or brownish in color, becomes red when stressed; lower half of the inner part of pectoral fin with large black blotch surrounded by numerous pale spots (Ref. 9771).
Found from estuaries to edge of continental shelves over sand and sandy shell seabed (Ref. 9258). Reported to be often found in rivers (Ref. 4316). Juveniles may occur in bays (Ref. 33616). Benthic (Ref. 58302). Dorsal spine reported to be venomous (Ref. 9771). Neither anterolateral glandular grooves nor venom gland is present (Ref. 57406). Current information in the table (dangerous fish) do not match; needs verification. Excellent food fish (Ref. 9771). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten pan-fried, broiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988).
Heemstra, P.C., 1986. Triglidae. p. 486-488. In M.M. Smith and P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. (Ref. 4316)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 123251)
CITES (Ref. 123416)
Not Evaluated
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Visserij: commercieel
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 13.3 - 25, mean 19.3 °C (based on 186 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5010 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00776 (0.00403 - 0.01493), b=3.07 (2.90 - 3.24), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.57 se; based on food items.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (K=0.4-0.6; tm=2-3; tmax=15;).
Prior r = 0.36, 95% CL = 0.24 - 0.56, Based on 1 stock assessment.
Kwetsbaarheid (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (29 of 100) .