Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Οικολογία
; Γλυκού νερού; Υφάλμυρο βενθικό(ς); pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; dH range: ? - 30; εύρος βάθους ? - 1 m (Ref. 105091). Tropical; 21°C - 25°C (Ref. 2060); 33°N - 5°N, 64°E - 97°E
Asia: Pakistan and Sri Lanka to Myanmar. Introduced elsewhare.
Length at first maturity / Μέγεθος / Βάρος / Age
Maturity: Lm ?, range 12 - ? cm
Max length : 41.2 cm TL αρσενικό/απροσδιόριστο; (Ref. 125280); μεγ. δημοσιευμένο βάρος: 400.00 g (Ref. 125280)
Facultative air-breathing (Ref. 126274); Adults found mainly in ponds, ditches, swamps and marshes, but sometimes occur in muddy rivers. Recorded as having been or being farmed in rice fields (Ref. 119549). Can tolerate slightly brackish water. Omnivorous. Breed in confined waters during the monsoon months, but can breed in ponds, derelict ponds and ditches when sufficient rain-water accumulates. Oviparous, distinct pairing possibly like other members of the same family (Ref. 205). In great demand due to its medicinal value. Venomous fish, from its pectoral spines (Ref. 94495).
Eggs are deposited in a depression usually excavated by both parents in mud, in shallow water. Parents guard the eggs and young until they can fend for themselves which lasts for about one month (Ref. 6028).
Talwar, P.K. and A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volume 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, i-xxii + 543-1158, 1 pl. (Ref. 4833)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Traumatogenic (Ref. 4716)
Human uses
αλιεία: πολύ εμπορικό; Υδατοκαλλιέργειες: Εμπορικό(ά); Ενυδρείο: Εμπορικό(ά)
Εργαλεία
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Διαδικτυακές πηγές
Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00437 (0.00195 - 0.00975), b=3.08 (2.88 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Τροφικό Επίπεδο (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Ελαστικότητα (Ref.
120179): Μεσαίο(α), ελάχιστος χρόνος για διπλασιασμό πληθυσμού 1,4 - 4,4 έτη (K=0.23; tm=1; Fec=4,200).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (20 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 148 [78, 332] mg/100g; Iron = 1.86 [1.01, 3.31] mg/100g; Protein = 16.8 [15.3, 18.3] %; Omega3 = 0.144 [0.070, 0.301] g/100g; Selenium = 55.9 [27.3, 116.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 14.2 [6.2, 34.2] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.19 [0.78, 2.05] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
