分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
; 淡水 底中水层性; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; dH range: 4 - 25; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 20°C - 26°C (Ref. 2060); 11°N - 35°S, 85°W - 35°W
Central and South America: Costa Rica to Argentina in most rivers basins.
中美洲與南美洲: 在大多數的河流域的哥斯大黎加到阿根廷。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ?, range 17 - ? cm
Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 111518); 最大体重: 3.8 kg (Ref. 111518)
Occurs in diverse habitats from free flowing clear water streams, well up into the valleys, to slow turbid waters, water courses, irrigation and drainage ditches, and ponds on the plains (Ref. 11225). Rests in vegetation during the day and is active at night (Ref. 6858). Adults feed on fish; juveniles feed on crustacean and insect larvae (Ref. 26543), shrimps and other small invertebrates (Ref. 12225). Spawn in pits located in shallow water at a temperature of about 26°C (Ref. 205). Males guard the nests even after the eggs have hatched (Ref. 205). Reaches more than 3 kg (Mark Fitzgerald, pers. comm., 2001). Live fish are difficult to handle and potentially dangerous because of their sharp teeth, strong jaws, and slippery bodies.
出现于来自自由的流动清澈的水域溪流的不同的栖息地,很好地向上进入山谷, 在平原上减慢浑浊的水域，水流，灌溉与流域沟渠 , 与池塘.(参考文献 11225) 在植物的休息在白天期间而且是活跃的在晚上.(参考文献 6858) 成鱼吃鱼; 稚鱼吃甲壳动物与昆虫幼生 (参考文献 26543), 虾与其他的小型无脊椎动物。 (参考文献 12225) 在一个大约 26 °C 的温度产卵于位于浅水区的洼凹中。 (参考文献 205) 雄性保卫巢，即使经过卵已经孵化。 (参考文献 205) 达到超过 3 公斤 (马克费兹杰罗， pers. comm。,2001)。 活鱼难以触摸与可能危险由于他们的锐利齿，强的颚与光滑的身体。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Eggs are fertilized in the cupped anal fin of the female. When the eggs get sticky, they are dropped into a pit which will be guarded by the male even until after the eggs have hatched (Ref. 205).中美洲與南美洲: 在大多數的河流域的哥斯大黎加到阿根廷。
Planquette, P., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail, 1996. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 1. Collection du Patrimoine Naturel Volume 22, MNHN, Paris & INRA, Paris. 429 p. (Ref. 12225)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 养殖: 商业性; 水族馆: 公众的水族馆
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00748 - 0.01061), b=3.11 (3.06 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.08).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.6 [25.6, 142.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.1 [0.6, 2.5] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.2, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.324 [0.133, 0.812] g/100g; Selenium = 90.5 [35.2, 203.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.9 [24.2, 183.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.1 [0.8, 1.5] mg/100g (wet weight);
