分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水 底中水層性; pH range: 6.0 - 8.0; dH range: 4 - 25; 河川洄游 (Ref. 51243). 熱帶; 20°C - 26°C (Ref. 2060); 11°N - 35°S, 85°W - 35°W
Central and South America: Costa Rica to Argentina in most rivers basins.
中美洲與南美洲: 在大多數的河流域的哥斯大黎加到阿根廷。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 17 - ? cm
Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 111518); 最大體重: 3.8 kg (Ref. 111518)
Occurs in diverse habitats from free flowing clear water streams, well up into the valleys, to slow turbid waters, water courses, irrigation and drainage ditches, and ponds on the plains (Ref. 11225). Rests in vegetation during the day and is active at night (Ref. 6858). Adults feed on fish; juveniles feed on crustacean and insect larvae (Ref. 26543), shrimps and other small invertebrates (Ref. 12225). Spawn in pits located in shallow water at a temperature of about 26°C (Ref. 205). Males guard the nests even after the eggs have hatched (Ref. 205). Reaches more than 3 kg (Mark Fitzgerald, pers. comm., 2001). Live fish are difficult to handle and potentially dangerous because of their sharp teeth, strong jaws, and slippery bodies.
出現於來自自由的流動清澈的水域溪流的不同的棲息地,很好地向上進入山谷, 在平原上減慢混濁的水域，水流，灌溉與流域溝渠 , 與池塘.(參考文獻 11225) 在植物的休息在白天期間而且是活躍的在晚上.(參考文獻 6858) 成魚吃魚; 稚魚吃甲殼動物與昆蟲幼生 (參考文獻 26543), 蝦與其他的小型無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 12225) 在一個大約 26 °C 的溫度產卵於位於淺水區的窪凹中。 (參考文獻 205) 雄性保衛巢，即使經過卵已經孵化。 (參考文獻 205) 達到超過 3 公斤 (馬克費茲傑羅， pers. comm。,2001)。 活魚難以觸摸與可能危險由於他們的銳利齒，強的顎與光滑的身體。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Eggs are fertilized in the cupped anal fin of the female. When the eggs get sticky, they are dropped into a pit which will be guarded by the male even until after the eggs have hatched (Ref. 205).中美洲與南美洲: 在大多數的河流域的哥斯大黎加到阿根廷。
Planquette, P., P. Keith and P.-Y. Le Bail, 1996. Atlas des poissons d'eau douce de Guyane. Tome 1. Collection du Patrimoine Naturel Volume 22, MNHN, Paris & INRA, Paris. 429 p. (Ref. 12225)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 水族館: 公眾的水族館
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5001 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00891 (0.00748 - 0.01061), b=3.11 (3.06 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.5 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 3.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.08).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (36 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 61.6 [25.6, 142.6] mg/100g; Iron = 1.1 [0.6, 2.5] mg/100g; Protein = 18.2 [16.2, 20.4] %; Omega3 = 0.324 [0.133, 0.812] g/100g; Selenium = 90.5 [35.2, 203.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 65.9 [24.2, 183.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.1 [0.8, 1.5] mg/100g (wet weight);
