Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ecologie
; marien; zoetwater; brakwater demersaal; oceanodroom; diepteverspreiding ? - 800 m (Ref. 100719), usually ? - 300 m (Ref. 9942). Subtropical; 47°N - 4°S, 30°E - 143°E (Ref. 54598)
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf, west coast of India, and Sri Lanka to Fiji and Tuvalu (Ref. 12596), north to Japan and Korea, south to the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819) and northern Australia. Migrated to the Mediterranean via the Suez Canal (Ref. 6724).
Size / Gewicht / Leeftijd
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 220 cm TL mannelijk/geslacht niet bekend; (Ref. 559); common length : 80.0 cm TL mannelijk/geslacht niet bekend; (Ref. 3397); Maximaal vermelde leeftijd: 15 jaren (Ref. 72462)
Dorsale stekels (totaal): 0; Anale stekels 0; Wervels: 145 - 159. Snout long; eye diameter 2-2.5 times in snout length; posterior nostrils much closer to eyes than to anterior nostrils; mouth very large; teeth generally large and conspicuous (Ref. 4832). Head broader, interorbital about 8 times in head; lateral-line pores before anus 44-47; dorsal-fin rays before anus 66-78; vertebrae 145-159 (Ref. 9830).
Occurs from the littoral zone to the upper bathy-benthic region (Ref. 9942, 11230). Inhabits soft bottoms (Ref. 11230), also found in estuaries. Sometimes enters freshwater environment (Ref. 9987). Feeds on small bottom fishes and crustaceans. Captured and cultured for fishery in Japan. Marketed mainly fresh (Ref. 7238). Also used as bait for shark fishing (Ref. 2872). Also caught by bag (dol) nets. Used in Chinese medicine (Ref. 12166).
Masuda, H., K. Amaoka, C. Araga, T. Uyeno and T. Yoshino, 1984. The fishes of the Japanese Archipelago. Vol. 1. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, Japan. 437 p. (text). (Ref. 559)
Status op de Rode Lijst van het IUCN (Ref. 125652)
Gevaarlijk voor mensen
Harmless
Gebruik door de mens
Visserij: van groot commercieel belang; Aquacultuur: commercieel; vis voor de hengelsport: ja; aas: occasionally
Tools
Speciale rapporten
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 11.6 - 23.2, mean 17.4 °C (based on 401 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.6250 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00437 (0.00168 - 0.01131), b=3.06 (2.84 - 3.28), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this Subfamily-BS (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.67 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 5.8 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 2
growth studies.
Weerstandsvermogen (Ref.
120179): Gemiddeld, minimale populatieverdubbelingstijd 1,4-4,4 jaar (Tmax=15; K=0.19-0.33; Min Rel Fec=153).
Prior r = 0.57, 95% CL = 0.37 - 0.85, Based on 3 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (62 of 100) .
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100) .
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 53.8 [28.1, 110.5] mg/100g ; Iron = 1.19 [0.71, 2.03] mg/100g ; Protein = 18.8 [16.5, 21.1] % ; Omega3 = 0.624 [0.251, 1.865] g/100g ; Selenium = 57.1 [22.4, 122.9] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 9.67 [2.27, 38.20] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.576 [0.385, 0.917] mg/100g (wet weight);
