分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: Pteroplatytrygon: Greek, pteron = wing, fin + Greek,platys = flat + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref. 45335); violacea: From the Latin 'viola' meaning violet..
More on author: Bonaparte.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 1 - 381 m (Ref. 58302), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 55209). 亞熱帶的; 52°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55209)
Probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. Eastern Atlantic: southeastern coasts of the Mediterranean and off Sicily. Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Eastern Pacific: California (USA), Baja California (Mexico), and the Galapagos Islands Reported off Vancouver (Ref. 11980) and from Chile (Ref. 9068). Western Atlantic (Ref. 7251). There are 4 records from southern Africa (Ref. 11228).
可能世界在熱帶與亞熱帶的海洋中。 東大西洋: 地中海與外海的西西里島的東南方海岸。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 東太平洋: 加州 (美國) ，下加利福尼亞 (墨西哥), 與加拉巴哥群島報告外海的溫哥華 (參考文獻 11980) 與從智利.(參考文獻 9068) 西大西洋.(參考文獻 7251) 有來自非洲南部的 4個記錄。 (參考文獻 11228)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 96.0 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 48844); common length : 80.0 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9254)
A thick, dark stingray with a broadly rounded snout and an angular pectoral disc; tail less than twice body length with a long lower caudal finfold ending far in front of tail tip, but with no upper finfold; disc without thorns; usually 1 extremely long sting on tail; eyes do not protrude (Ref. 5578). Uniformly violet, purple, or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally (Ref. 3263). No prominent markings (Ref. 3263).
一个厚又深色的 宽广地具有一个圆形的吻与一个有角的胸盘; 尾部小于两倍体长具有一个长的下尾部的鳍褶终止于尾部顶端前面, 但是没有上面的鳍褶; 体盘没有刺; 通常在尾部上的 1个非常长的刺; 眼不伸出。 (参考文献 5578) 均匀紫罗兰色，紫色的，或深蓝绿色背面而且腹地.(参考文献 3263) 没有突出的斑纹.(参考文献 3263)
Found in open, tropical and warm temperate waters usually in the first 100 m. Possibly the only totally pelagic member of the family (Ref. 6871). Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans, and fish. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Common catch of the pelagic tuna (and shark) longline and gillnet fisheries (drift, Ref. 75025) operating throughout the region (Ref. 58048); also by purse-seine and bottom trawls (Ref. 75025). Utilized for its meat and sometimes cartilage (Ref.58048). Total length 110 TL (80 cm WD) (Ref. 9254).
发现于了开放又热带与温带的水域通常在第一个 100 公尺。 可能地该科的唯一的完全大洋性成员.(参考文献 6871) 吃腔肠动物 (包括水母) ，乌贼，十足目甲壳动物与鱼。 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 在尾部上的有毒的棘。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). With 2 (Ref.58048) to 9 young born at 15-25 cm WD (Ref. 26346); after a gestation period of 4 months (Ref.58048). 可能世界在熱帶與亞熱帶的海洋中。 東大西洋: 地中海與外海的西西里島的東南方海岸。 記錄來自維德角了。 (參考文獻 34514) 東太平洋: 加州 (美國) ，下加利福尼亞 (墨西哥), 與加拉巴哥群島報告外海的溫哥華 (參考文獻 11980) 與從智利.(參考文獻 9068) 西大西洋.(參考文獻 7251) 有來自非洲南部的 4個記錄。 (參考文獻 11228)
Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 12 - 28.6, mean 24.8 °C (based on 5148 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00235 - 0.01406), b=3.07 (2.87 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (K=0.18 (captivity); Fec=1-9 (could probably have 2 litters per year)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.5 [4.9, 91.5] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.96 [0.25, 2.71] mg/100g ; Protein = 22.8 [19.9, 25.8] % ; Omega3 = 0.354 [0.107, 1.041] g/100g ; Selenium = 20.5 [5.9, 52.0] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 15.6 [5.9, 43.5] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.475 [0.235, 0.879] mg/100g (wet weight);
