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Ikan bertulang rawan (sharks and rays) > Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) > Dasyatidae (Stingrays) > Dasyatinae
Etymology: Pteroplatytrygon: Greek, pteron = wing, fin + Greek,platys = flat + Greek, trygon = a sting ray (Ref. 45335); violacea: From the Latin 'viola' meaning violet..
More on author: Bonaparte.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ekologi

laut; kisaran kedalaman 1 - 381 m (Ref. 58302), usually 1 - 100 m (Ref. 55209). Subtropical; 52°N - 50°S, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 55209)

Penyebaran Negara-negara | Daerah-daerah FAO | Ecosystems | Kemunculan | Point map | Introduksi | Faunafri

Probably cosmopolitan in tropical and subtropical seas. Eastern Atlantic: southeastern coasts of the Mediterranean and off Sicily. Reported from Cape Verde (Ref. 34514). Eastern Pacific: California (USA), Baja California (Mexico), and the Galapagos Islands Reported off Vancouver (Ref. 11980) and from Chile (Ref. 9068). Western Atlantic (Ref. 7251). There are 4 records from southern Africa (Ref. 11228).

Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur

Maturity: L_m 45.0, range 40 - 50 cm
Max length : 96.0 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 48844); common length : 80.0 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 9254)

deskripsi pendek Morfologi | Morfometrik

A thick, dark stingray with a broadly rounded snout and an angular pectoral disc; tail less than twice body length with a long lower caudal finfold ending far in front of tail tip, but with no upper finfold; disc without thorns; usually 1 extremely long sting on tail; eyes do not protrude (Ref. 5578). Uniformly violet, purple, or dark blue-green dorsally and ventrally (Ref. 3263). No prominent markings (Ref. 3263).

Found in open, tropical and warm temperate waters usually in the first 100 m. Possibly the only totally pelagic member of the family (Ref. 6871). Feeds on coelenterates (including medusae), squid, decapod crustaceans, and fish. Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Common catch of the pelagic tuna (and shark) longline and gillnet fisheries (drift, Ref. 75025) operating throughout the region (Ref. 58048); also by purse-seine and bottom trawls (Ref. 75025). Utilized for its meat and sometimes cartilage (Ref.58048). Total length 110 TL (80 cm WD) (Ref. 9254).

Life cycle and mating behavior Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva

Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). With 2 (Ref.58048) to 9 young born at 15-25 cm WD (Ref. 26346); after a gestation period of 4 months (Ref.58048).

rujukan utama Upload your references | Acuan | Koordinator : McEachran, John | mitra

Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. (Ref. 35766)

Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 126983)

kurang bimbang (LC) ; Date assessed: 09 November 2018

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

ancaman kepada manusia

Venomous (Ref. 9254)

penggunaan manusia

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Sumber internet

Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 12 - 28.6, mean 24.8 °C (based on 5148 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00575 (0.00235 - 0.01406), b=3.07 (2.87 - 3.27), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Trophic level (Ref. 69278): 4.4 ±0.54 se; based on food items.

Daya lenting (Ref. 120179): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (K=0.18 (captivity); Fec=1-9 (could probably have 2 litters per year)).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).

Nutrients (Ref. 124155): Calcium = 19.5 [4.9, 91.5] mg/100g ; Iron = 0.96 [0.25, 2.71] mg/100g ; Protein = 22.8 [19.9, 25.8] % ; Omega3 = 0.354 [0.107, 1.041] g/100g ; Selenium = 20.5 [5.9, 52.0] μg/100g ; VitaminA = 15.6 [5.9, 43.5] μg/100g ; Zinc = 0.475 [0.235, 0.879] mg/100g (wet weight);

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Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)