分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Eupercaria/misc (Various families in series Eupercaria) >
Lethrinidae (Emperors or scavengers) > Lethrininae
Etymology: Lethrinus: Greek, lethrinia, a fish pertaining to genus Pagellus.
More on author: Forsskål.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类; 非迁移的; 深度上下限 10 - 75 m (Ref. 2295). 熱帶; 34°N - 34°S, 25°E - 170°W
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and East Africa to southern Japan and Samoa. According to a genetic study (Ref. 28017), Lethrinus nebulosus and Lethrinus choerorynchus are two distinct species in Western Australia.
印度-西太平洋: 紅海 , 波斯灣而且東非到日本南部與美屬薩摩亞。 根據一個遺傳的研究 (參考文獻 28017), 青嘴龍占〔Lethrinus nebulosus〕 ，而且 藍帶裸頰鯛〔Lethrinus choerorynchus〕 在西澳大利亞是二個不同的種。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 38.8, range 41 - ? cm
Max length : 87.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 47613); common length : 70.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450); 最大体重: 8.4 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年龄: 28 年 (Ref. 92312)
背棘 (总数): 10; 背的软条 (总数): 9; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body moderately deep, its depth 2.5-2.9 times in standard length; head length 0.9-1 times in body depth, 2.6-3.1 times in SL, dorsal profile near eye nearly straight, or in large individuals, distinctly concave; snout moderately long, its length about 1.8-2.4 times in HL, measured without the lip the snout is 0.8-1 times in cheek height, its dorsal profile nearly straight or concave, snout angle relative to upper jaw between 50° and 68°; interorbital space usually convex; posterior nostril an oblong longitudinal opening, closer to orbit than anterior nostril or, about halfway between orbit and anterior nostril eye not close to dorsal profile except in small individuals, its length 3.6-5.9 times in HL; cheek moderately high, its height 2.4-3 times in HL; lateral teeth in jaws rounded with points or molars that often have tubercles; outer surface of maxilla smooth or with a longitudinal ridge; D X, 9 with the 4th or 5th dorsal-fin spine usually the longest, its length 2.7-3.6 times in body depth; A III,8 with the first soft ray usually the longest, its length almost equal to or slightly shorter than length of base of soft-rayed portion of anal fin and 1.3-1.6 times in length of entire anal-fin base; pectoral-fin rays 13; pelvic-fin membranes between rays closest to body usually with dense melanophores; cheek without scales; 46-48 lateral-line scales; 5 ½ scale rows between lateral line and base of middle dorsal-fin spines; 16-17 scale rows in transverse series between origin of anal fin and lateral line; usually 15 rows in lower series of scales around caudal peduncle; 5-9 scales in supratemporal patch; inner surface of pectoral-fin base densely covered with scales; posterior angle of operculum fully scaly. Colour of body yellowish or bronze, lighter below, centers of many scales with a white or light blue spot, sometimes irregular dark indistinct bars on sides and a square black blotch above pectoral fins bordering below lateral line; 3 blue streaks or series of blue spots radiating forward and ventrally from eye; fins whitish or yellowish, pelvic fins dusky, edge of dorsal fin reddish. Juveniles variable with blotches or stripe and changes with habitat (Ref. 114226).
颊没有鳞片; 在上方当时的小区块中的 5-9个鳞片; 胸鳍的内面厚密地覆盖着鳞片了; 鳃盖的在后部角完全覆盖着鳞片。 体色是淡黄色或青铜色的, 腹面颜色较淡。 多数的中心鳞片有白色或浅蓝色斑点。 有时在被在侧线之下毗邻的侧边与一个方形的黑色斑块胸鳍上方上的不规则的深色不明显的横带。 三个蓝色的条纹或成列的蓝色斑点向前及向腹下呈放射状从眼。 鳍是微白色或淡黄色的; 腹鳍暗色的, 背鳍的边缘是淡红的。 TL/SL 关系 (公分): TL=1.70 +1.24. 稚鱼随着斑块或者斑纹变化而且随着栖息地改变。 (参考文献 48635)
Inhabit coral reefs, coralline lagoons, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, flat sand bottoms, and coastal rock areas. Adults solitary or in small schools; juveniles form large schools in shallow, sheltered sandy areas, also harbors where seagrasses, algae or sponge habitats are found at various depths. Feed on echinoderms, mollusks and crustaceans, and to some extent on polychaetes and fish. The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain, although they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260, 55367). However, recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal in the sense of protogynous hermaphroditism is observed (Ref. 107020). May have a coppery or iodine taste or smell in the Indian Ocean (Ref. 2295, 11888). It has been shown that this species can survive for long periods in salinities as low as 10 parts per thousand and therefore it is a potential estuarine aquaculture species (Ref. 2295). Taken by handline, traps, trawls, seines, and gill nets. Marketed mostly fresh. Very important commercial and sport fish in some countries (Ref. 68703).
栖息于珊瑚礁，珊瑚礁舄湖，海草床，红树林沼泽与海岸的沙子与岩石区域。 成鱼独居性或形成小群鱼群; 稚鱼在水浅又掩蔽的沙地中形成大群鱼群, 也港湾在哪里在各种不同的深度海草，藻类或海绵栖息地。 捕食棘皮动物，软件动物与甲壳动物, 与在某些程度上在多毛类动物与鱼上。 一个雌性先熟的雌雄同体.(参考文献 55367) 在印度洋可能有一个铜或碘的气味或口味。 (参考文献 2295,11888) 它有被显示这种在盐度低到 10个千分之几能存活长的时期，而且因此它是一个可能的河口养殖鱼种。 (参考文献 2295) 作為食用魚。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
The reproductive nature of spangled emperors is uncertain,. Though they also may be protogynous hermaphrodites (Ref. 27260), a study on the Great Barrier Reef (Ref. 27264) found no clear evidence of sex change in spangled emperors within the size range 17-54 cm (Ref. 6390). Gonochorism is inferred for this species as sizes of males and females overlapped and male gonad morphology is typical of secondarily derived testes (Ref. 103751). Recent study classified juvenile hermaphroditism for this species wherein transition from ovary to testis occurs before ovarian maturation, hence, no true sex-reversal is observed (Ref. 107020).
In the aquarium, pursuit of a female with a slightly swollen abdomen by a male signifies the start of mating. The male uses its mouth to bump and push the female's abdomen. Then eggs and sperm are released at the water surface (Ref. 58706).印度-西太平洋: 紅海 , 波斯灣而且東非到日本南部與美屬薩摩亞。 根據一個遺傳的研究 (參考文獻 28017), 青嘴龍占〔Lethrinus nebulosus〕 ，而且 藍帶裸頰鯛〔Lethrinus choerorynchus〕 在西澳大利亞是二個不同的種。
Carpenter, K.E. and G.R. Allen, 1989. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 9. Emperor fishes and large-eye breams of the world (family Lethrinidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of lethrinid species known to date. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(9):118 p. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 2295)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 养殖: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.2 - 29, mean 28 °C (based on 1314 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01698 (0.01437 - 0.02007), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.2 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.8 (5.0 - 7.3) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 25
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.09-0.16; tm=4-9; tmax=27).
Prior r = 0.28, 95% CL = 0.16 - 0.49, Based on 10 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (57 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High to very high vulnerability (71 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 29.1 [19.9, 41.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.698 [0.455, 1.043] mg/100g; Protein = 20.5 [18.0, 22.8] %; Omega3 = 0.132 [0.094, 0.181] g/100g; Selenium = 47.9 [28.7, 81.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 22.4 [4.6, 124.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.06 [1.50, 2.66] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
