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Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Engraulidae (Anchovies) > Engraulinae
Etymology: Engraulis: Greek, eggraulis, -eos = anchovy (Ref. 45335); mordax: Genus name from the Greek 'engraulis' meaning anchovy; species name from the Latin 'mordax' meaning biting (Ref. 27436).
More on author: Girard.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut; kisaran kedalaman 0 - 310 m (Ref. 96339), usually ? - 219 m (Ref. 54433). Subtropical; 51°N - 21°N, 131°W - 108°W (Ref. 54433)
Northeast Pacific: northern Vancouver Island south to Cape San Lucas, Baja California, Mexico. Two subspecies recognized: Engraulis mordax mordax from British Columbia to Baja California and Engraulis mordax nanus in Bays of California.
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm 9.6 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 24.8 cm SL jantan/; (Ref. 27436); common length : 15.0 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 9988); Berat maksimum terpublikasi: 68.00 g (Ref. 56527); Umur maksimum dilaporkan: 7 Tahun (Ref. 6884)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 14-19; Duri dubur 0; Sirip dubur lunak: 19 - 26; vertebrata, bertulang belakang: 43 - 47. Snout quite sharply pointed; maxilla moderate, tip sharply pointed, reaching to or almost to hind border of pre-operculum, projecting well beyond tip of second supra-maxilla; tip of lower jaw below nostril. gill rakers slender, long; absent on hind face of third epibranchial. Anal fin origin under about base of last dorsal fin ray. A silver stripe along flank, disappearing with age.
Usually found in coastal waters within about 30 km from shore, but as far out as 480 km, forming large, tightly packed schools. Enters bays and inlets. Feeds on euphausiids, copepods and decapod larvae, both by random filter-feeding and by 'pecking' at prey. Oviparous, epipelagic batch spawner (Ref. 6882). Spawns throughout the year, peaking once (Ref. 6882). Processed into fishmeal, used as bait for tuna, occasionally canned (Ref. 9298).
Spawns from British Colombia south to Magdalena Bay, Baja California, but most abundantly between Point Conception and Point San Juanico. There are two major spawning areas: 1) off southern California and northern Baja California and 2) off central and southern Baja California. Oviparous (Ref. 35602). Spawns either in inlets or offshore, throughout the year but mainly in winter and early spring, depending on hydrological conditions (preferably at 10 to 23.3° C in upper water layers and around 22.00 hours). Spawning occurs at night between 2000 and 0400 hour (Ref. 6882).
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
ancaman kepada manusia
Harmless
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: komersial; umpan: usually
informasi lanjut
mitraGambarStamps, Coins Misc.Suara-suaraCiguateraKecepatanTipe renangArea insangOtolithsOtakPenglihatan / visi
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 7.6 - 14.9, mean 9 °C (based on 55 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00550 (0.00348 - 0.00867), b=3.08 (2.94 - 3.22), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.1 ±0.28 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.3 (1.6 - 2.6) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 17
growth studies.
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (rm=0.36; K=0.2-0.6; tm=1-4; tmax=7; Fec=4000).
Prior r = 0.50, 95% CL = 0.33 - 0.75, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (24 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Low vulnerability (22 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 159 [69, 355] mg/100g; Iron = 1.23 [0.60, 2.84] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.4, 19.9] %; Omega3 = 0.841 [0.514, 1.405] g/100g; Selenium = 20.5 [9.8, 42.9] μg/100g; VitaminA = 13.9 [3.2, 56.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.01 [0.65, 1.56] mg/100g (wet weight);
