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Teleostei >
Clupeiformes (Herrings) >
Dorosomatidae (Gizzard shads and sardinellas)
Etymology: Opisthonema: Greek, opisthe = behind + Greek,nema = filament (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Günther.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 深度上下限 ? - 70 m (Ref. 96339), usually ? - 50 m (Ref. 11035). 熱帶; 28°N - 3°S, 112°W - 78°W (Ref. 54686)
Eastern Pacific: Santa Rosalita, Pacific coast of Baja, California, Mexico southward to Punta Sal and Punta Picos, Peru. (Earlier works probably combined data for Opisthonema bulleri and Opisthonema medirastre). Range is extended northwards to San Pedro, California (Ref. 35601). Rare on outer coast of Baja California Sur (Ref. 35601).
東太平洋: 聖 Rosalita, 墨西哥下加利福尼亞的太平洋海岸向南至 Punta Sal 與 Punta Picos ，祕魯。 (早期的研究可能為 Opisthonema bulleri 與 Opisthonema medirastre 聯合了資料). 範圍被延伸向北至加州的聖貝多羅.(參考文獻 35601) 稀有的在南下加利福尼亞的外部海岸上.(參考文獻 35601)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 30.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 55763); common length : 22.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 9291); 最大体重: 261.36 g (Ref. 124487)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 13-21; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 12 - 23. The filamentous last dorsal fin ray distinguishes it from members of any other eastern Pacific clupeoid genus. Separated from eastern Pacific Opisthonema species by having 63 to 110 lower gill rakers in fishes over 14 cm standard length.
丝状的最后背鳍鳍条区别它和任何其他的东太平洋的鲱鱼属的成员。 与东太平洋 Opisthonema 种在超过 14 公分标准长度的鱼中藉着具有 63 到 110个下鳃耙分开。
Usually occur near the surface of coastal and offshore waters, down to over bottom of continental shelf (Ref. 11035). Form dense schools. Apparently the most abundant of the eastern Pacific species of Opisthonema. Feed on phytoplankton (dinoflagellates and diatoms). Oviparous, with planktonic eggs and larvae (Ref. 35601). It is reduced to fish meal (Ref. 9291). Oil may be extracted (Ref. 9291). May be canned (Ref. 9291).
通常出现于接近沿岸与离岸水域的表面, 向下至大陆架的底部上.(参考文献 11035) 形成密集的鱼群。 显然最丰富的 Opisthonema 的东太平洋种. 捕食浮游植物 (腰鞭毛虫与硅藻) 。 卵生的, 卵与仔鱼为浮游性.(参考文献 35601) 它是缩小成鱼粉。 (参考文献 9291) 可榨取油.(参考文献 9291) 可制成罐头.(参考文献 9291)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Oviparous (Ref. 35601).東太平洋: 聖 Rosalita, 墨西哥下加利福尼亞的太平洋海岸向南至 Punta Sal 與 Punta Picos ，祕魯。 (早期的研究可能為 Opisthonema bulleri 與 Opisthonema medirastre 聯合了資料). 範圍被延伸向北至加州的聖貝多羅.(參考文獻 35601) 稀有的在南下加利福尼亞的外部海岸上.(參考文獻 35601)
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 诱饵: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.4 - 29, mean 27 °C (based on 86 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00832 (0.00504 - 0.01373), b=3.02 (2.88 - 3.16), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.28 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (K=0.22-0.5).
Prior r = 0.90, 95% CL = 0.59 - 1.35, Based on 2 stock assessments.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (25 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (37 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 199 [90, 362] mg/100g; Iron = 1.94 [1.10, 3.34] mg/100g; Protein = 18.6 [17.5, 19.7] %; Omega3 = 0.37 [0.21, 0.67] g/100g; Selenium = 48.5 [23.7, 99.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.8 [9.3, 78.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.41 [0.97, 2.09] mg/100g (wet weight);
