分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鰓亞綱 (鯊魚與魟魚) (sharks and rays) >
Rajiformes (Skates and rays)
鰩目 (Skates and rays) >
Rajidae (Skates)
鰩科 (Skates)
Etymology: Rostroraja: Latin, rostrum = beak + Latin, raja, -ae = a sting ray (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 海洋洄游的 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 330 m (Ref. 92298), usually 0 - 50 m (Ref. 55280). 亞熱帶的; 48°N - 22°N, 91°W - 59°W (Ref. 55280)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts to southern Florida (USA) and eastern Gulf of Mexico. Also northern Gulf of Mexico (Ref. 26938).
西大西洋: 麻薩諸塞州到佛羅里達南部 (美國) 與墨西哥灣東方。 也墨西哥灣北部.(參考文獻 26938)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 53.5, range 49 - 60 cm
Max length : 84.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 1125)
Small skate, with irregular darker spots and bars on dorsal surface. Translucent area on each side of mid-dorsal ridge on snout (Ref. 26938). Single row of thorns along the midridge of the back (Ref. 6902). Disk with dark brown bars and streaks and some spots. Front edges nearly straight or slightly concave (Ref. 7251).
小的魟魚, 有不規則的較黑的斑點與橫帶在背面上。 在吻上的在背部中央脊的兩邊上的半透明的區域.(參考文獻 26938) 單列的刺沿著背部的中央隆起。 (參考文獻 6902) 體盤有深褐色的橫帶與條紋與一些斑點。 前緣幾乎是直的或些微地凹曲.(參考文獻 7251)
Found from saltwater parts of estuaries and bays of 330 m (Ref. 26938). Inhabit inshore areas. Prefer waters of 10°-21°C. Feed mainly on decapod crustaceans, bivalves, polychaetes, squids and fishes (Ref. 3824). Breed while inshore (Ref. 6902). Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205). Eggs are oblong capsules with stiff pointed horns at the corners deposited in sandy or muddy flats (Ref. 205). Egg capsules are 5.1-8.9 cm long and 3.8-5.7 cm wide (Ref. 41249, 41307, 41301, 41358).
從 330 公尺的河口與海灣的鹽水部份發現了。 (參考文獻 26938) 棲息於近海區域。 偏愛 10 °-21 ° C. 的水域 主要捕食十足目的甲殼動物，二枚貝，多毛類動物，烏賊與魚。 (參考文獻 3824) 繁殖當在岸邊時。 (參考文獻 6902) 卵生的。 明顯的成對出現。 幼魚可能傾向跟隨大的個體, 例如他們的母親.(參考文獻 205) 卵為長方形鞘囊具有僵硬的觸角沈積在沙灘或泥灘的角落.(參考文獻 205) 卵鞘是 5.1-8.9 公分長與 3.8-5.7 公分寬的.(參考文獻 41249,41307,41301,41358)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Oviparous, paired eggs are laid. Embryos feed solely on yolk (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace. Young may tend to follow large objects, such as their mother (Ref. 205).
From the work of Libby and Gilbert (1960) (Ref. 51117) and Luer and Gilbert (1985) (Ref. 38742) male and female clearnose skates mate side by side in an upright position (Ref. 49562). Actual copulation occurs when the male bites the caudal margin of the female's pectoral, bends his tail 75 degrees beneath hers and inserts one clasper, flexed ('splayed') medially 90 degrees, into her oviduct (Ref. 49562). A female displays 'back arching' and 'pectoral fin undulations' as precopulatory behavior to attract males (Ref. 49562).西大西洋: 麻薩諸塞州到佛羅里達南部 (美國) 與墨西哥灣東方。 也墨西哥灣北部.(參考文獻 26938)
McEachran, J.D. and K.A. Dunn, 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of skates, a morphologically conservative clade of elasmobranchs (Chondrichthyes: Rajidae). Copeia 1998(2):271-290. (Ref. 27314)
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 誘餌: occasionally
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 9.6 - 25.7, mean 23.5 °C (based on 342 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00158 (0.00102 - 0.00247), b=3.27 (3.15 - 3.39), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.9 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.5 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.20; Fec assumed to be <100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
