| Main Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988 |
| Mode | dioecism |
| Fertilization | external |
| Mating type | |
| Spawning frequency | Throughout the year, but peaking once |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Batch spawner | Yes. Ref. Hunter, J.R. and S.R. Goldberg, 1980 |
| Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
| Parental Care | none |
| Description of life cycle and mating behavior | Spawns from British Colombia south to Magdalena Bay, Baja California, but most abundantly between Point Conception and Point San Juanico. There are two major spawning areas: 1) off southern California and northern Baja California and 2) off central and southern Baja California. Oviparous (Ref. 35602). Spawns either in inlets or offshore, throughout the year but mainly in winter and early spring, depending on hydrological conditions (preferably at 10 to 23.3° C in upper water layers and around 22.00 hours). Spawning occurs at night between 2000 and 0400 hour (Ref. 6882). |
| Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |