Main Ref. | Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985 |
Mode | dioecism |
Fertilization | external |
Mating type | |
Spawning frequency | Variable throughout range |
Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
Batch spawner | Ref. |
Reproductive guild |
nonguarders open water/substratum egg scatterers |
Parental Care | none |
Description of life cycle and mating behavior | The breeding pattern is extremely complex, with two principal spawning periods in some areas (linked with upwelling regimes off west Africa). |
Search for more references on reproduction | Scirus |