| Ref. principal | Breder, C.M. and D.E. Rosen, 1966 |
| Modo | dioecism |
| Fertilização | internal (oviduct) |
| Mating type | |
| Freqüência de desova | one clear seasonal peak per year |
| Spawning aggregation | Ref. |
| Desova em lotes | Ref. |
| Guilda reprodutiva |
bearers internal live bearers |
| Cuidado Parental | |
| Descrição do ciclo de vida e do comportamento reprodutor | Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Bears up to 2 young (Ref. 5578); born at 122-127 cm WD (Ref.58048). A female of 550 cm width and weighing 1050 kg was collected in the Galapagos in June and was carrying a well-developed embryo of 12.7 kg (Ref. 28023). Size at partuition might be from 1.1 to 1.3 m and from 9.1 to 1.14 kg (Ref. 31742). Yano et al (1999) (Ref. 35892) describe the mating behavior of manta rays based on observations off Ogasawara Islands, Japan, in the following sequence: 1) 'chasing', the male rapidly follows behind the tail of the female and attacks her several times; 2) 'nipping', the male nips the tip of the pectoral fin of the female and then moves to the ventral surface of the female; 3) 'copulating', the male inserts a clasper into the cloacaof the female and copulates abdomen-to-abdomen, up to 123 seconds; 4) 'post-copulating'; 5) 'separating'. (Ref. 49562). |
| Procurar por mais referências sobre reprodução | Scirus |