Gymnogeophagus constellatus Malabarba, Malabarba & Reis, 2015

Family:  Cichlidae (Cichlids), subfamily: Geophaginae
Max. size:  13.68 cm SL (male/unsexed)
Environment:  benthopelagic; freshwater
Distribution:  South America: Brazil.
Diagnosis:  Dorsal spines (total): 13-15; Dorsal soft rays (total): 8-11; Anal spines: 3-3; Anal soft rays: 8-9; Vertebrae: 29-29. This species is distinguished from its congeners by the following characters: presence of a very large midlateral spot, where each scale forming the spot usually bears one large white dot; in adult males, midlateral spot is almost reaching the dorsal-fin base being about 4-5 scales wide and 4 scales tall (vs. with two or three scale rows distance from the dorsal fin base in other species); the midlateral spot of females and juveniles is also large, but usually not extending above the upper lateral line; upper lateral line with 18-21 scales, usually 18-20 (vs.13-19 in all other species) (Ref. 118066).
Biology: 
IUCN Red List Status: Least Concern (LC); Date assessed: 14 April 2023 Ref. (130435)
Threat to humans:  harmless


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