Main Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
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Remarks | Prefers shallow waters around the shoreline or shallow protected waters over sandy or silty bottoms (Ref. 122680). In small groups or solitary. Feeds during the day and at night (diurnal and nocturnal). Juveniles found in mangroves or swamps, canals and tidal streams and marshes. Feeds on fish and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 49, 4887). Often in coastal waters (Ref. 9137). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; silt; |
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Substrate Ref. | State of hawaii, 2020 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
Ref. | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Honebrink, R., 1990 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | |||||
From individual food items | 4.03 | 0.62 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. |