Ecology Summary - Himantura uarnak

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Main Ref.	Fricke, R., 1999
Remarks	Tolerates very low salinities. Feeds on benthic organisms at lies on the seabed (Ref. 9773). Euryhaline species. Found in sandy or muddy substrates (Refs. 127989, 129713). Common off sandy beaches and in shallow estuaries and lagoons; also found in sandy areas of coral reefs (Refs. 9710, 9773). Found on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Also offshore down to 50 m depth (Ref. 5578). May enter fresh water (Ref. 5578). Feeds on small fishes, bivalves, crabs, shrimps and worms.

Main Ref.

Fricke, R., 1999

Remarks

Tolerates very low salinities. Feeds on benthic organisms at lies on the seabed (Ref. 9773). Euryhaline species. Found in sandy or muddy substrates (Refs. 127989, 129713). Common off sandy beaches and in shallow estuaries and lagoons; also found in sandy areas of coral reefs (Refs. 9710, 9773). Found on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154). Also offshore down to 50 m depth (Ref. 5578). May enter fresh water (Ref. 5578). Feeds on small fishes, bivalves, crabs, shrimps and worms.

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Himantura uarnak may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Soft Bottom: sand; mud;
Substrate Ref.	Golani, D., E. Azurro, J. Dulčić, E. Massutí and L. Orsi-Relini, 2021
Special habitats	Coral Reefs;
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Compagno, L.J.V., 1986
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Compagno, L.J.V., 1986

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.60	0.59			Troph of juv./adults from 1 study.
From individual food items	3.64	0.47			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Nasir, N.A., 2000

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