Ecology Summary - Peprilus triacanthus

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Main Ref.	Vergara, R., 1978
Remarks	Forms large schools over the continental shelf, except during the winter months when it may descend to deeper water. Juveniles are generally found under floating weeds and jellyfish. Often found in brackish waters (Ref. 26938). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Adults feeds mainly on jellyfish (Ref. 26938), squids, arrow worms, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426), also fish, benthic invertebrates and plankton (Ref. 2702). Preyed upon by haddock, silver hake, bluefish, weakfish and swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Parasite found was a monogenean, Microcotyle poronoti (Ref. 5951).

Main Ref.

Vergara, R., 1978

Remarks

Forms large schools over the continental shelf, except during the winter months when it may descend to deeper water. Juveniles are generally found under floating weeds and jellyfish. Often found in brackish waters (Ref. 26938). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Adults feeds mainly on jellyfish (Ref. 26938), squids, arrow worms, crustaceans and worms (Ref. 58426), also fish, benthic invertebrates and plankton (Ref. 2702). Preyed upon by haddock, silver hake, bluefish, weakfish and swordfish, Xiphias gladius. Parasite found was a monogenean, Microcotyle poronoti (Ref. 5951).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	estuaries/lagoons/brackish seas mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds caves exclusively in caves

Highighted items on the list are where Peprilus triacanthus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate
Substrate Ref.
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

Ref.
Associations
Associated with
Association remarks
Parasitism

Feeding

Feeding type	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Vergara, R., 1978
Feeding habit	hunting macrofauna (predator)
Feeding habit Ref.	Vergara, R., 1978

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	Original sample		Unfished population		Remark
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	Remark
From diet composition	3.91	0.03	3.97	0.34	Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies.
From individual food items	3.68	0.45			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
Ref.	Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000

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