Main Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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Remarks | Found over hard bottoms in inshore reef areas. Juveniles inhabit estuaries and mouths of rivers (Ref. 9313). Carnivorous, feeds on invertebrates and fish (Ref. 9313, 57615). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Benthic: demersal; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. | Dominici-Arosemena, A. and M. Wolff, 2006 |
Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1995 |
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Associations | schooling; |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | Generally solitary or in small groups but may occasionally form big schools (Ref. 9313). |
Parasitism |
Feeding type | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1995 |
Feeding habit | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1995 |
Estimation method | Original sample | Unfished population | Remark | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
From diet composition | 4.04 | 0.24 | 3.84 | 0.58 | Troph of juv./adults from 2 studies. |
From individual food items | 3.83 | 0.66 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
Ref. | Lozano, M.S. and X.C. Carrapa, 2000 |