主要参考文献 | Waters, T.F., J.P. Kaehler, T.J. Polomis and T.J. Kwak, 1993 |
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附注 | Inhabits shallow rocky areas of lakes, clear and gravel-bottom runs and flowing pools of rivers, cool flowing streams and reservoirs fed by such streams. Young feed on plankton and immature aquatic insects while adults take in crayfish, fishes, and aquatic and terrestrial insects (Refs. 1998; 44091). Sometime cannibalistic (Ref. 30578). Preyed upon by fishes and turtles (Ref. 1998). Feeds on fish and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 26273). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Hard Bottom: rocky; |
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Substrate Ref. | Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman, 1973 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Waters, T.F., J.P. Kaehler, T.J. Polomis and T.J. Kwak, 1993 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Waters, T.F., J.P. Kaehler, T.J. Polomis and T.J. Kwak, 1993 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 3.56 | 0.18 | 3.18 | 0.44 | Troph of adults from 4 studies. |
从个别的食物项目 | 4.09 | 0.68 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | Johnson, J.H. and D.S. Dropkin, 1995 |