主要参考文献 | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
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附注 | Found over all types of bottom, but mainly around coral reefs and on vegetated sandy areas. In turbid as well as clear water (Ref. 9710). Often forms large aggregations, especially during the breeding season. Feeds at night on small fishes, bottom-living crabs, shrimps, worms, gastropods and cephalopods and other benthic invertebrates (Ref. 26338). Carnivore (Ref. 57616). Predominantly inhabits mangroves (Ref. 128694). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Soft Bottom: sand; |
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Substrate Ref. | Harper, L.M., J.S. Lefcheck, R. Whippo, M.S. Jones, Z. Foltz and J.E. Duffy, 2022 |
Special habitats | Coral Reefs; |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | |
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Associations | |
Associated with | |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
摄取食物的习惯 | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
Feeding habit Ref. | Allen, G.R., 1985 |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 3.82 | 0.19 | 3.82 | 0.62 | Troph of juv./adults from 6 studies. |
从个别的食物项目 | 3.66 | 0.80 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | RodrÃguez Pino, Z., 1962 |