| Ref. principal | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
|---|---|
| Notas | Eurythermal. Gregarious when young. Voracious predator. High tolerance to salinity changes. Adults migrate to the estuaries in summer where they spawn in January-June. Young inhabit waters of 0.24-0.37% salinity where they feed mainly on zooplankton (Ref.. 11268). From 3.0 cm TL, diet changes to worms, crustaceans, fish larvae. Adults are strictly carnivorous surviving on small fish (Ref. 11243). |
| Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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| Substrato | Soft Bottom: sand; Hard Bottom: rocky; |
|---|---|
| Substrate Ref. | FAO EastMed Project, 2013 |
| Habitats especiais | |
| Special habitats Ref. |
| Ref. | |
|---|---|
| Associações | |
| Associada com | |
| Comentários sobre associação | |
| Parasitismo |
| Tipo de alimentação | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
|---|---|
| Feeding type Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
| Hábito alimentar | hunting macrofauna (predator) |
| Feeding habit Ref. | Fischer, W., M.-L. Bauchot and M. Schneider (eds.), 1987 |
| Estimation method | Amostra original | População virgem (não pescada) | Nota | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
| Da composição da dieta | 3.79 | 0.60 | |||
| Dos itens alimentares individuais | 3.47 | 0.50 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
| Ref. | Costa, M.J., 1988 | ||||