Ecology Summary - Clupea harengus

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นิเวศวิทยาของ Clupea harengus

อ้างอิงหลัก	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
ข้อสังเกต	Visual size-selective plankton feeder (Ref. 89567) Has the ability to switch between particulate- and filter-feeding (Ref. 4809). Adult feed on planktonic crustaceans, mollusc larvae, arrow worms, ctenophores, small fish (incl. eggs and larvae) (Ref. 188). Preyed upon by fish, birds, and marine mammals (Ref. 89563). Parasites found are protozoans, myxosporidians, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and copepods (Refs. 5951, 37032). Herring biomass has shown inverse correlation with the biomass of sprat, a competitor for planktonic food (Refs. 82765; 82766). Benthopelagic and oceanodromous. Schooling species. Moves vertically in the water column, surfacing at dusk and descending at dawn. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -2.2°C. Found on the Scotian shelf at temperatures of 0°C-11°C. Filter feeds at low light with small prey, and feeds on larval fish, planktonic crustaceans, and molluscs at better lighting conditions (Ref. 117245).

อ้างอิงหลัก

Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985

ข้อสังเกต

Visual size-selective plankton feeder (Ref. 89567) Has the ability to switch between particulate- and filter-feeding (Ref. 4809). Adult feed on planktonic crustaceans, mollusc larvae, arrow worms, ctenophores, small fish (incl. eggs and larvae) (Ref. 188). Preyed upon by fish, birds, and marine mammals (Ref. 89563). Parasites found are protozoans, myxosporidians, trematodes, cestodes, nematodes and copepods (Refs. 5951, 37032). Herring biomass has shown inverse correlation with the biomass of sprat, a competitor for planktonic food (Refs. 82765; 82766). Benthopelagic and oceanodromous. Schooling species. Moves vertically in the water column, surfacing at dusk and descending at dawn. Biological anti-freeze enables tolerance to below zero temperatures up to -2.2°C. Found on the Scotian shelf at temperatures of 0°C-11°C. Filter feeds at low light with small prey, and feeds on larval fish, planktonic crustaceans, and molluscs at better lighting conditions (Ref. 117245).

Aquatic zones / Water bodies

	Marine - Neritic	Marine - Oceanic	Brackishwater	Freshwater
Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies	supra-littoral zone littoral zone sublittoral zone	epipelagic mesopelagic epipelagic abyssopelagic hadopelagic	ปากแม่น้ำ/บึงน้ำกร่อย/ทะเลน้ำกร่อย mangroves marshes/swamps	rivers/streams lakes/ponds ถ้ำ อย่างเดียว,โดยเฉพาะ

Highighted items on the list are where Clupea harengus may be found.

Habitat

Substrate	Benthic; Pelagic;
Substrate Ref.	Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018
Special habitats
Special habitats Ref.

Associations

อ้างอิง
Associations	schooling;
Associated with
Association remarks	Schooling behavior in Ref. 28664, 88171, 89563, 89564, 89566, 86779.
Parasitism

การให้อาหาร

วิธีการให้อาหาร	mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up)
Feeding type Ref.	Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985
นิสัยในการกินอาหาร	selective plankton feeding
Feeding habit Ref.	Gibson, R.N. and I.A. Ezzi, 1992

Trophic Level(s)

Estimation method	ตัวอย่างดั้งเดิม		ประชากรที่ยังไม่มีการทำการประมง		ข้อสังเกต
Estimation method	Troph	s.e.	Troph	s.e.	ข้อสังเกต
จากส่วนประกอบของอาหาร	3.38	0.13	3.20	0.34	Troph of juv./adults from 4 studies.
จากรายการอาหารของสัตว์แต่ละชนิด	3.29	0.51			Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine.
อ้างอิง	Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000

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