主要参考文献 | Pauly, D., 1989 |
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附注 | Feeds dominantly on fragmented salps and ctenophores and unidentifiable soft tissues (Ref. 51904). All the identified organisms in the stomachs are pelagic in habit and presumably obtained in the benthopelagic environment immediately above the sea bed (Ref. 51904). Parasites of the species include Lecithophyllum botryophorum, Derogenes varicus, Hemiurus levinseni, Lampritrema miescheri and L. nipponicum (trematodes) (Ref. 5951). Bathydemersal and oceanodromous. Schooling species. Found at water temperatures of 4°C-13°C. Juveniles are pelagic at 400-500m. Feeds on crustaceans, squids, arrow worms, comb jellies, and small fish (Ref. 117245). |
Marine - Neritic | Marine - Oceanic | Brackishwater | Freshwater | |
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Marine zones / Brackish and freshwater bodies |
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Substrate | Pelagic; |
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Substrate Ref. | Coad, B.W. and J.D. Reist, 2018 |
Special habitats | |
Special habitats Ref. |
参考文献 | Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott, 1988 |
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Associations | parasitism; schooling; |
Associated with | Lecithophyllum botryophorum; Derogenes varicus; Hemiurus levinseni, Lampritrema miescheri; L. nipponicum. |
Association remarks | |
Parasitism |
摄取食物的类型 | mainly animals (troph. 2.8 and up) |
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Feeding type Ref. | Pauly, D., 1989 |
摄取食物的习惯 | selective plankton feeding |
Feeding habit Ref. |
Estimation method | 最初的样本 | 不捕获族群 | 附注 | ||
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Troph | s.e. | Troph | s.e. | ||
从食物内容 | 3.32 | 0.30 | 3.27 | 0.24 | Troph of adults from 2 studies. |
从个别的食物项目 | 3.63 | 0.56 | Trophic level estimated from a number of food items using a randomized resampling routine. | ||
参考文献 | Bowman, R.E., C.E. Stillwell, W.L. Michaels and M.D. Grosslein, 2000 |