Common names from other countries
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
laut dasar (demersal); kisaran kedalaman ? - 146 m (Ref. 58018). Subtropical; 38°N - 9°N
Western Atlantic: Virginia, USA and Bahamas to Venezuela.
Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 33.4 cm TL jantan/; (Ref. 55642)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)) : 12; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)) : 9; Duri dubur: 3; Sirip dubur lunak: 5. Snout short and almost equal to orbit diameter; third dorsal spine not elongated (Ref. 13608).
Have a thick glandular tissue on posterior margin of fin spines which is believed to be venomous (Ref. 57406).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturities | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Spawnings | Egg(s) | Fecundities | Larva
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 130435)
CITES (Ref. 128078)
Not Evaluated
penggunaan manusia
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 22.3 - 28, mean 25.9 (based on 330 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01072 (0.00629 - 0.01825), b=3.07 (2.92 - 3.22), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.5 se; based on size and trophs of closest relatives
Daya lenting (Ref.
120179): sedang, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum 1.4 - 4.4 tahun (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (23 of 100).