Amphihaline and anadromous fish (Ref. 51346, 51439), frequenting littoral zones (Ref. 2163, 51439, 51442). A long-lived and slow-growing species (Ref. 9988). It lives the major part of his life in sea but enters rivers for reproduction (Ref. 30578, 51442). Found on various substrates, from sand to rocks (Ref. 51346). At the sea, it occurs in coastal and estuarine zones. In freshwaters, it inhabits estuaries and large rivers (Ref. 59043). Juveniles found both in estuaries and in the sea (Ref. 2163), they slowly adapt to saltwater (Ref. 89103) and usually spend around 2-3 years in river estuaries before moving to the sea (Ref. 40152), some may migrate to the sea during their first summer (Ref. 59043). Usually solitary. Feeds on crustaceans, mollusks, polychaete worms and small fish. Today most males only reach 100-150 cm length, females 130-215 cm (Ref. 59043, 89104). Utilized fresh and frozen, and also for caviar; eaten steamed, pan-fried, broiled, boiled, microwaved and baked (Ref. 9988). A threatened species, mainly due to bycatch, poaching, habitat degradation (spawning grounds, nursery areas) and physical obstacles to migration (Ref. 26160).
Amphihaline 与河川洄游鱼 (参考文献 51346, 参考文献 51439), 常出现于海滨的区域。 (参考文献 2163, 参考文献 51439, 参考文献 51442) 它住他的被生活于的海洋的主要部份但是为繁殖进入河.(参考文献 30578, 参考文献 51442) 发现的稚鱼在河口中与在海洋中.(参考文献 2163) 通常独居性的。 变成稀有。 (参考文献 4537) 吃甲壳动物,软件动物,多毛类的蠕虫与小鱼。 卵沈淀在沙子或砾石上面了。 一个长命而生长缓慢的种.(参考文献 9988) 生鲜使用与冷冻, 以及对于鱼子酱; 清蒸, 油锅炸的,火烤的, 煮沸了, 微波了而且烧烤了.(参考文献 9988) 一个受威胁种,主要地由于误捕,侵入, 栖息地减少 (产卵场, 繁殖场) 与回游的物理障碍.(参考文献 26160) 范围 500-600 公分而且也许活超过 100 年。 在一个 7-9 年的年龄时性成熟。 产卵在深度在多石底部上的 2-10 公尺。 雌性生产附着到石头的 800,000-2,400,000个黏黏的深灰色的卵。 (参考文献 35388) 也参考文献 40476.
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 7.3 - 18.8, mean 11 (based on 738 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00275 (0.00158 - 0.00480), b=3.13 (2.99 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.51 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (tm=7-20; tmax=100).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (88 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate to high vulnerability (47 of 100).