Found on continental and insular shelves, mainly over sandy, shell, and coral bottoms. Feeds on small fishes, including pinfish (Sparidae) and porcupine fish. Preyed on by larger sharks. Viviparous (with a yolk-sac placenta), with 3 to 6 young per litter. Performs a 'hunch' display, with back arched, caudal lowered and head raised, as a possible threat display when confronted by divers. Utilized dried salted for human consumption. Minimum depth from Ref. 055176.
棲息於大陸棚與島嶼棚了, 主要地沙的之上, 貝殼 , 與珊瑚底部。 吃小魚,包括 pinfish(Sparidae) 與二齒魨魚。 被較大的鯊魚捕食了。 胎生的 (具有一個卵黃囊胎盤), 對 6個幼魚有三個每胎。 執行一個 '肉峰' 顯現, 藉由背面弓形的, 尾部的低與升起的頭部, 作為一個可能的威脅顯現當面對在潛水者手邊。 乾燥鹽醃利用供人類消費。
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 22.2 - 28, mean 25.5 (based on 520 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00479 (0.00221 - 0.01036), b=3.09 (2.92 - 3.26), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增時間4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.12; tm=3; tmax=15; Fec=4).
Prior r = 0.44, 95% CL = 0.29 - 0.66, Based on 1 full stock assessment.
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (60 of 100).
