Occurs on continental and insular shelves, frequenting mangrove fringes, coral keys, docks, sand or coral mud bottoms, saline creeks, enclosed bays or sounds, and river mouths. May enter fresh water. Occasionally moves into the open ocean, near or at the surface, apparently for purposes of migration. May rest motionless on the bottom (Ref. 9710). May occur singly or in small groups. Feeds mainly on fish but also takes crustaceans and mollusks. Viviparous, with 4 to 17 young in a litter. Size at birth 60 to 65 cm. Has been involved in several attacks on people. Meat is utilized for human consumption, hides for leather, fins for shark-fin soup base, liver oil for vitamins, and carcasses for fish meal. Marketed fresh, dried-salted and frozen (Ref. 9987).
生活於被常常聚集於紅樹林穗緣,珊瑚鑰匙,船塢,沙子或珊瑚泥底,鹹度小溪,封閉的海灣或聲音 , 與河口的大陸棚與島嶼棚。 可能進入淡水。 偶然地移入開放性海域, 接近或在水表面, 顯然地對於遷移的目的。 五月在底部上讓不動的休息。 (參考文獻 9710) 可能單獨出現或形成小群魚群。 主要吃魚也捕食甲殼動物與軟體動物。 胎生的, 有四個到 17 幼魚在一胎。 出生時的大小 60 到 65 公分。 曾經關係到一些對人的攻擊。 肉被供人類消費使用, 皮用做皮革,鰭用於魚翅湯底,肝油用於維他命與殘骸用於魚粉。 在市場上銷售生鮮地了, 乾燥鹽醃與冷凍.(參考文獻 9987)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 21.9 - 28, mean 25.6 (based on 714 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00257 - 0.00934), b=3.11 (2.95 - 3.27), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增時間超過14 年 (K=0.54(?); tm=12.7; tmax=25; Fec = 4-17; rmax = 0.012).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (73 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Very high vulnerability (76 of 100).