A coastal and freshwater shark inhabiting shallow waters especially in bays, estuaries, rivers, and lakes (Ref. 244). It readily penetrates far up rivers and hypersaline bays and littoral lagoons (Ref. 9997, 44894, 81283). Capable of covering great distances (up to 180 kilometers in 24 hours), moving between fresh and brackish water at random (Ref. 44894). Adults often found near estuaries and freshwater inflows to the sea; young enter rivers and may be found hundreds of km from the sea (Ref. 4967, 44894, 58304). Feeds on bony fishes, other sharks, rays, mantis shrimps, crabs, squid, sea snails, sea urchins, mammalian carrion, sea turtles, and occasionally garbage (Ref. 244, 5578, 44894). Viviparous (Ref. 50449). Gives birth to litters of up to 13 young (Ref. 26938, 44894). Size at birth is 56-81 cm TL (Ref. 81623). Sexual maturity is attained after 10-15 years (at a length between 160-200 centimeters) (Ref. 44894). Though not commercially important, this species is a good food fish (Ref. 12484). Utilized fresh, fresh-frozen or smoked for human consumption, fins for soup, hide for leather, liver for oil, and carcass for fishmeal (Ref. 244). Very hardy and lives well in captivity (Ref. 244). This large shark is potentially dangerous to man (Ref. 81283), probably the most dangerous species of tropical shark (Ref. 244), and it is repeatedly implicated in attacks on humans (Ref. 4967, 44894); attacks in fresh water are rare (Ref. 44894).
一只海岸与淡水的鲨鱼在海湾，河口，河与湖中居住于浅水域尤其。 轻易地深入在河川最上游与高盐度海湾。 (参考文献 9997,44894) 能够覆盖长距离 (在 24 小时内向上到 180 公里处), 在淡水与半咸淡的水之间移动随意.(参考文献 44894) 成鱼时常在河口与淡水水域流入海洋的附近发现。 幼鱼进入河而且可能被发现于数以百计公里远距离海洋。 (参考文献 4967,44894) 吃硬骨鱼类，其他的鲨鱼，魟，螳螂虾，螃蟹，乌贼，海洋蜗牛，海胆，哺乳动物腐肉，海龟, 与偶然地垃圾.(参考文献 244,5578,44894) 非常強韌與生存得很好在繁殖場, 熱帶鯊魚 (參考文獻 244) 的可能最危險種, 它是關係到重複的對人類的攻擊.(參考文獻 4967,44894) 對淡水的攻擊是稀有的。 (參考文獻 44894) 胎生的.(參考文獻 50449) 每胎生產向上到 13個幼魚。 (參考文獻 26938,44894) 性成熟被達到在 10-15之後數年 (在 160-200個公分之間的長度).(參考文獻 44894) 生鮮使用, 生鮮冷凍或煙燻了供人類消費 , 鰭用於湯, 隱藏用做皮革，肝臟用於製造魚肝油與殘骸用於魚粉.(參考文獻 244)
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 23.2 - 29, mean 27.5 (based on 2930 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00427 (0.00339 - 0.00537), b=3.07 (3.03 - 3.11), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 4.3 ±0.5 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (K=0.04-0.15; tm=6-21; tmax=32; Fec=1-13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (82 of 100).
