Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
; laut; air tawar; payau berasosiasi dengan karang; amphidromus (Ref. 51243); kisaran kedalaman 0 - 60 m (Ref. 6871). Tropical; 32°N - 37°S, 36°E - 168°E
Indo-West Pacific: Red Sea, Persian Gulf and South Africa to Micronesia, north to Japan, south to Melanesia and the Arafura Sea (Ref. 9819).
Length at first maturity / Size / Weight / umur
Maturity: Lm ?, range 96 - 100 cm
Max length : 183 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 37816); common length : 65.0 cm WD jantan/; (Ref. 27550)
Duri punggung (Keseluruhan (total)): 0; duri punggung lunak (Keseluruhan (total)): 0. A large, plain, dark stingray with an angular snout and pectoral disc; tail long and broad-based, less than twice body length, and with no upper caudal finfold but with high lower caudal finfold- 2 to 3 times depth of tail but not reaching tail tip; no large thorns; 1 or 2 long stings on tail, further behind tail base than in most stingrays; unique hexagonal, high-crowned teeth (Ref. 5578). Dark brown or black dorsally without conspicuous markings, white ventrally (Ref. 5578). Tail black (Ref. 3263).
Found in lagoons, reef flats, and reef faces (Ref. 12951). Also in rivers far from the sea (Ref. 5578). Feeds on bony fishes, worms, shrimp, and crabs (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Adults are sometimes accompanied by remoras or members of the trevally family (Ref. 6871). Size at birth about 18 cm WD or larger (Ref. 6871). Flesh utilized as food and skin used for polishing wood (Ref. 4832). Possibly caught by sports anglers (Ref. 5578). Recently there is a targeted fishery on this species for its skin, which is used as 'shagreen' in fashion accessories, from wallets to fancy pens; as a result, the species is in danger of disappearance (IHT 26.11.2005, p.5). Maximum length about 300 cm TL (Ref. 30573).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Kematangan | Reproduksi, perkembang biakan | Pemijahan | telur-telur | Fecundity | Larva
Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Size at birth ~ 18 cm WD (Ref.58048).
Last, P.R. and J.D. Stevens, 1994. Sharks and rays of Australia. CSIRO, Australia. 513 p. (Ref. 6871)
Status IUCN Red List (Ref. 120744)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Not Evaluated
ancaman kepada manusia
Venomous
penggunaan manusia
Perikanan: nilai komersial kecil; Akuarium: Komersial
informasi lanjut
AcuanBudidaya airprofil budidaya airStrainGenetikaFrekuensi alelDiturunkanPenyakit-penyakitPengolahanMass conversion
Alat, peralatan
laporan khas
muat turun XML
Sumber internet
Estimates of some properties based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 24.7 - 29.1, mean 28.2 (based on 1694 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 0.5312 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Trophic Level (Ref.
69278): 3.7 ±0.60 se; Based on food items.
Daya lenting (Ref.
69278): sangat rendah, Waktu penggandaan populasi minimum lebih dari 14 tahun (Assuming Fec<10).
keancaman (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (90 of 100) .
