分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Elasmobranchii
板鳃亚纲 (鲨鱼与 鱼) (sharks and rays) >
Myliobatiformes (Stingrays) >
Rhinopteridae (Cownose rays)
Etymology: Rhinoptera: Greek, rhinos = nose + Greek,pteron = fin, wing (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Müller & Henle.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水 礁区鱼类. 熱帶; 30°N - 15°S, 55°E - 135°E (Ref. 114953)
Indo-West Pacific: Oman to the Philippines; north to Ryukyu Is.; south to eastern Indonesia.
印度-西太平洋: 外海的南非德爾班而且可能地向北延伸到印度，泰國，印尼與中國南部。 也在琉球，琉球群島.(參考文獻 637) 可能地澳洲.(參考文獻 9862)
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 165 cm WD 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 114953); 最大体重: 4.5 kg (Ref. 3965)
Double-lobed snout and indented forehead; jaws usually with 7 rows of plate-like teeth; no caudal fin (Ref. 5578). Brown above, white below (Ref. 5578).
双叶的吻而且切割成锯齿状前额; 颚通常有 7 列的板状齿; 没有尾鳍.(参考文献 5578) 背面褐色的, 腹面白色的.(参考文献 5578)
Found in bays, estuaries, and near coral reefs (Ref. 12951), over sand and mud bottoms (Ref. 9710). Usually solitary or in small aggregations (Ref. 114953). However, large schools with up to 500 individuals have been reported (Ref. 12951). Feeds on clams, oysters and crustaceans (Ref. 12951). Lives to over 2 years in captivity (Ref. 12951). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Edible (Ref. 30573). Caught mainly by gill net fisheries (Ref. 114953), occasionally by bottom trawl, demersal inshore gillnet and tangle net fisheries. Utilized for its meat (Ref. 58048).
发现于海湾，河口了, 与在珊瑚礁 (参考文献 12951) ，砂与泥底部的上面附近.(参考文献 9710) 大群鱼群多达 500个个体曾经报告.(参考文献 12951) 吃蛤，牡蛎与甲壳动物。 (参考文献 12951) 在 2 年以来活到在繁殖场。 (参考文献 12951) 卵胎生的.(参考文献 50449) 可食用的.(参考文献 30573)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
Males court by nipping the female's dorsum. Mating pair orient in a venter to venter position, and the male inserts one or both claspers. The pair usually rests on the substrate, with the female on top of the male. Mating lasts about 30 seconds (Ref. 12951) to 1 minute (Ref. 49562). Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449). Size at birth ~60 cm WD. One large pregnant female (~130 cm WD) contained a single late-term embryo 61 cm WD (Ref.58048). 印度-西太平洋: 外海的南非德爾班而且可能地向北延伸到印度，泰國，印尼與中國南部。 也在琉球，琉球群島.(參考文獻 637) 可能地澳洲.(參考文獻 9862)
Last, P.R., W.T. White, M.R. de Carvalho, B. Séret, M.F.W. Stehmann and G.J.P. Naylor, 2016. Rays of the world. CSIRO Publishing, Comstock Publishing Associates. i-ix + 1-790. (Ref. 114953)
世界自然保护联盟红皮书 (Ref. 130435)
濒危 (EN) (A2cd); Date assessed: 27 May 2020
人类利用
渔业: 商业性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.2 - 29.2, mean 28.4 °C (based on 3123 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5039 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01122 (0.00647 - 0.01946), b=2.94 (2.78 - 3.10), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.24 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 非常低的, 最小族群倍增时间超过14 年 (Fec=1-2).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Very high vulnerability (85 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 5.55 [0.68, 83.89] mg/100g; Iron = 0.366 [0.030, 4.005] mg/100g; Protein = 20.9 [15.6, 26.2] %; Omega3 = 0.0676 [, ] g/100g; Selenium = 30.8 [5.7, 156.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 18.7 [1.7, 205.1] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.824 [0.056, 9.302] mg/100g (wet weight);
