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> Perciformes/Serranoidei (Groupers) > Epinephelidae (Groupers)
Etymology: Epinephelus: Greek, epinephelos = cloudy (Ref. 45335).
More on authors: Quoy & Gaimard.

Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range Ecología

marino asociado a arrecife; rango de profundidad 24 - 90 m (Ref. 11441). Tropical; 27°N - 13°S, 39°E - 158°E (Ref. 5222)

Distribución Países | Áreas FAO | Ecosistemas | Ocurrencias, apariciones | Point map | Introducciones | Faunafri

Indo-West Pacific: Gulf of Oman to Kenya, including Laccadive Islands, India, Sri Lanka, and the Andaman Islands. Not reported in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Known also from Indonesia, Sarawak of Malaysia, New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and the Philippines.

Length at first maturity / Tamaño / Peso / Age

Maturity: L_m ?, range 41 - ? cm
Max length : 120 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 89707); common length : 45.0 cm TL macho / no sexado; (Ref. 5450); peso máximo publicado: 6.4 kg (Ref. 5222)

Short description Morfología | Morfometría

Espinas dorsales (total): 11; Radios blandos dorsales (total): 17-19; Espinas anales 3; Radios blandos anales: 8. Distinguished by the following characteristics: head, body and fins purplish grey to brownish grey; head with brown to golden brown dots and wavy longitudinal lines of the same colour on the dorsal part of the body (lines faint of absent on large specimens); narrowly blackish margin of spinous dorsal fin; body depth contained 2.7-3.1 times in SL; head length 2.5-2.7 times in SL; convex interorbital area; angular preopercle, notch above angle and enlarged serrae at angle; straight or slightly concave upper edge of operculum; subequal posterior and anterior nostrils or slightly larger posterior nostril; maxilla reaches to vertical at rear edge of eye; ventral edge of maxilla in adults with prominent knob or hook-like process; 2 rows of teeth on midlateral part of lower jaw (Ref. 89707).

Lives on muddy open substrate, seeking refuge in holes in the mud or with solid structures, shipwrecks or debris. A flighty species (Ref; 48635). Also found on banks (Ref. 5222). Feeds on small fishes and crustaceans (stomatopods), shrimps, and pelagic tunicates (Thalia and Pyrosoma sp.) (Ref. 5222). Solitary (Ref 90102).

Life cycle and mating behavior Madurez | Reproducción | Puesta | Huevos | Fecundidad | Larva

Main reference Upload your references | Referencias | Coordinador | Colaboradores

Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)

IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)

Least Concern (LC) ; Date assessed: 21 November 2016

CITES

Not Evaluated

CMS (Ref. 116361)

Not Evaluated

Threat to humans

Harmless

Human uses

Pesquerías: escaso valor comercial

FAO - Publication: search | FishSource |

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Estimates based on models

Preferred temperature (Ref. 123201): 23.9 - 28.6, mean 27.5 °C (based on 499 cells).

Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82804): PD₅₀ = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].

Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00724 (0.00423 - 0.01239), b=2.93 (2.79 - 3.07), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref. 93245).

Nivel trófico (Ref. 69278): 3.7 ±0.51 se; based on food items.

Resiliencia (Ref. 120179): Muy bajo, población duplicada en un tiempo mínimo superior a 14 años (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).

Fishing Vulnerability (Ref. 59153): High to very high vulnerability (72 of 100).

Price category (Ref. 80766): Very high.

Epinephelus undulosus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)