分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋 礁區魚類; 非遷移的; 深度上下限 10 - 150 m (Ref. 9710), usually 20 - 150 m (Ref. 9710). 熱帶; 34°N - 32°S, 31°E - 158°W (Ref. 5222)
Indo-Pacific: east coast of Africa (Djibouti, Socotra to Durban) to the Line Islands, north to southern Japan, south to southern Queensland (Australia). Not found at the Chagos Archipelago despite intensive survey and not reported from the Red Sea and Persian Gulf.
印度-太平洋: 非洲東岸 (吉布地 , Socotra 到德爾班) 到列島群島, 北至日本南部, 南至昆士蘭南部 (澳洲). 不在乎記錄自而不是的紅海與波斯灣的密集的調查不發現於查戈斯群島。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 28 - ? cm
Max length : 57.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5222); common length : 30.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 5450)
背棘 (總數): 9; 背的軟條 (總數): 14-16; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9. This species is distinguished by the following characters: body depth greater than or subequal to head length, 2.3-2.7 times in standard length (for specimens 9-41 cm SL); dorsal head profile of adults straight to concave, the nape distinctly convex; pectoral fins subequal to pelvic fins, 1.5-1.7 times in head length for specimens of 15-40 cm length (in specimens larger than 40 cm, the pelvic fins are longer than the pectoral fins); pelvic fins reaching to or beyond anus; ctenoid body scales, cycloid on abdomen. Colour: Adults from Pacific Ocean generally pale reddish to yellowish brown, covered with numerous small brownish red or dark brown spots on head, body, and fins; while the juveniles are dark reddish brown to nearly black, the rear margin of caudal fin and sometimes pectoral fins whitish; or body brownish orange with scattered pale greenish spots, and black spot between upper and middle opercular spines (Ref. 39231, 90102).
鰓蓋棘非常小的。 通常被達到或延伸超過肛門的腹鰭。 成魚在印度洋的顏色: 身體橘紅色的到紅褐色的, 時常有分散的小微白色的斑塊; 頭部帶紫色的到紅褐色的有很多的靠攏在一起橘紅色的斑點; 在低的 2根鰓蓋棘之間的薄膜通常比其餘的頭部顏色更深; 鰭通常比身體， esp 顏色更深。 尾鰭與背鰭與臀鰭的較後面的部分; 腹鰭時常黑色的末梢部地。 成魚在太平洋的顏色: 淡的淡紅對土黃色在頭部，身體與鰭上有很多的小紅褐色的斑點。 尾鰭圓的。
Adults occur in deep lagoon reefs and steep outer reef slopes and in coastal areas with rocky substrates. Juveniles are usually found near sponges or coral heads (Ref. 9710). Adults usually at moderate depths with bommies with large holes, usually occupied by cleaner shrimps (Ref. 48635). They are solitary (Ref. 90102) and are usually caught in depths of 30 to 100 m, but in Madagascar, they occur in depths of 10 to 20 m. They feed on small fishes and crustaceans including shrimps, crabs and stomatopods (Ref. 37816). Females mature at about 28 cm SL and males at about 34 cm SL (Ref. 6448). Are sold in Hong Kong live fish markets (Ref. 27253). They are generally marketed fresh (Ref. 5284) and of commercial importance throughout most of its range. They are primarily caught with hook-and-line, spear, and in traps (Ref. 39231).
出現於深的潟湖礁與陡峭的外礁斜坡; 在沿岸區域見到有岩石的底部。 稚魚通常在海綿或珊瑚頂部的附近被發現。 (參考文獻 9710) 成魚通常在深度中等之處有 bommies 和大洞穴的地方, 通常被清潔蝦佔領.(參考文獻 48635) 通常在深度捕獲了 30 到 100 公尺，但是在馬達加斯加，它出現於對 20 公尺的深度 10 中。 吃包括蝦，螃蟹與口足目甲殼類的小魚與甲殼動物。 (參考文獻 37816) 雌性在大約 28 公分 SL 時成熟而且雄性於大約 34 公分 SL 。 (參考文獻 6448) 通常在市場上銷售生鮮地了。 (參考文獻 5284) 在香港活魚販售。 (參考文獻 27253)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
印度-太平洋: 非洲東岸 (吉布地 , Socotra 到德爾班) 到列島群島, 北至日本南部, 南至昆士蘭南部 (澳洲). 不在乎記錄自而不是的紅海與波斯灣的密集的調查不發現於查戈斯群島。
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 15 November 2017
人類使用
漁業: 商業性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 21.2 - 29, mean 27.6 °C (based on 2728 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01318 (0.01062 - 0.01636), b=3.05 (3.02 - 3.08), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.8 ±0.60 se; based on food items.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (Fec = 42,252).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (43 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 36.1 [19.1, 59.7] mg/100g; Iron = 0.452 [0.251, 0.846] mg/100g; Protein = 18.5 [16.7, 20.2] %; Omega3 = 0.164 [0.103, 0.266] g/100g; Selenium = 50.5 [26.0, 86.5] μg/100g; VitaminA = 84.2 [31.1, 255.9] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.812 [0.561, 1.304] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
