Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 半咸淡水; 深度上下限 0 - 50 m (Ref. 82332). 熱帶; 31°N - 25°S, 30°E - 172°W (Ref. 189)
Indo-Pacific: widespread in Indian Ocean, including Red Sea, coasts of East Africa to Madagascar and Mauritius, Sri Lanka and Andaman Islands, but no Indian specimens known (Ref. 189); and in western central Pacific, including Indonesia, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, northern and eastern coasts of Australia, and eastward to Tonga (Ref. 189). No records are known from South China Sea or to the north, but the Ogasawara, Bonin Islands, record seems reliable (Ref. 189). Its occurrence in Thailand (Ref. 1632) needs confirmation.
印度-太平洋: 紅海到莫三比克 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯,東至美屬薩摩亞, 北至菲律賓者，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島。 小笠原群島 (博寧島) 記錄似乎可靠。 沒有印度的標本。 可能出現在波斯灣。 需再確認的在泰國 (參考文獻 1632) 的發生。
大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 16.0 cm SL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 54980); common length : 10.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5450)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 14-16; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 29 - 34. Diagnosis: Body not strongly compressed, belly rounded before pelvic fins, with 4-9 pre-pelvic and 7-10 post-pelvic scutes, the pre-pelvic scutes ending below the pectoral fin base or behind it; in total 12-18 keeled scutes; maxilla short, reaching to just beyond front border of pre-operculum, tip pointed; gillrakers 18 to 26 (Ref. 189). It closely resembles Thryssa encrasicholoides, which has 1 or 2 small but armless keeled scutes immediately behind the isthmus, also maxilla tip blunter; other species of Thryssa have a complete series of pre-pelvic scutes from isthmus to pelvic fin base; Stolephorus species lack post-pelvic scutes; and Lycothrissa has canine teeth (Ref. 189).
腹面圆形的以前腹鳍有 4 到 9+7 到 10=12 到 18个有龙骨的鳞甲, 前腹鳍鳞甲在胸鳍基底或在后下面终止它。 颚骨短, 正好延伸到超过前鳃盖的前缘, 顶端尖的。
Marine, pelagic and presumably schooling (Ref. 189, 1602, 5213), at depths of 0-50m (Ref. 82332). Found mostly inshore in bays, lagoons, harbours, mangrove pools and estuaries, thus apparently able to tolerate lowered salinities (Ref. 189, 30573). It contributes to general clupeoid catches, but no special fishery (Ref. 189). Used as a baitfish in Pacific Ocean (Ref. 189).
大部分配现于近海海湾，泻湖，港湾，红树林水池与河口了, 如此显然地能容忍低盐度。 栖息于浑浊的水域, 形成大群鱼群。 (参考文献 1602) 也使用环状网捕捉。 (参考文献 5213) 当作鲔鱼诱饵使用。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
印度-太平洋: 紅海到莫三比克 , 馬達加斯加與模里西斯,東至美屬薩摩亞, 北至菲律賓者，加羅林群島與馬里亞納群島。 小笠原群島 (博寧島) 記錄似乎可靠。 沒有印度的標本。 可能出現在波斯灣。 需再確認的在泰國 (參考文獻 1632) 的發生。
Whitehead, P.J.P., G.J. Nelson and T. Wongratana, 1988. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (Suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/2):305-579. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 189)
人类利用
渔业: 低经济; 诱饵: usually
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 25.9 - 29.1, mean 28.2 °C (based on 1158 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00525 (0.00304 - 0.00906), b=3.23 (3.08 - 3.38), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.26 se; based on food items.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 高度, 族群倍增时间少于 15个月 (Preliminary K or Fecundity.).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 252 [138, 574] mg/100g; Iron = 2.01 [1.12, 3.61] mg/100g; Protein = 18.7 [17.2, 20.1] %; Omega3 = 0.476 [0.242, 0.968] g/100g; Selenium = 35.7 [17.1, 75.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 30.5 [8.0, 82.8] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.04 [1.38, 3.01] mg/100g (wet weight);
