Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ekologi
marina revassocierade; djupintervall 0 - 45 m (Ref. 58652). Tropical; 35°N - 30°S, 30°E - 140°W
Indo-Pacific: Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian, Line and Tuamoto islands, north to southern Japan, south to Australia.
Length at first maturity / Size / Vikt / Age
Maturity: Lm 22.6, range 23 - ? cm
Max length : 53.0 cm FL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 125599); common length : 45.0 cm TL hane/ej könsbestämd; (Ref. 57863); publicerad maxvikt: 3.6 kg (Ref. 125599)
Taggstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 11; Mjukstrålar i ryggfenan (totalt): 11-12; Taggstrålar i analfenan 3; Mjukstrålar i analfenan: 11 - 12.
Found in aggregations over hard, algal coated bottoms of exposed, surf-swept outer reef flats, lagoon and seaward reefs, to a depth of at least 24 m (Ref. 30573). Benthopelagic (Ref. 58302). Juveniles associated with floating material (Ref. 58302). Mainly herbivorous, feeding on seaweed and associated invertebrates (Ref. 30573). Appear to be more commonly involved in hallucinogenic fish poisoning than most other related species (Ref. 4690). Caught with other types of artisanal gear. Minimum depth reported taken from Ref. 128797.
Knudsen, S.W. and K.D. Clements, 2013. Revision of the fish family Kyphosidae (Teleostei: Perciformes). Zootaxa 3751(1):001-101. (Ref. 95491)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 130435)
Threat to humans
Poisonous to eat (Ref. 4690)
Human uses
Fiskeri: mindre kommeriell
Ytterligare information
referenserVattenbrukVattenbruksprofilAvelslinjerGenetikElectrophoresesÄrftlighetSjukdomarBehandlingNutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.7 - 29, mean 27.7 °C (based on 854 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01995 (0.01253 - 0.03176), b=3.01 (2.87 - 3.15), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trofisk nivå (Ref.
69278): 2.9 ±0.33 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 4.4 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Resiliens (Ref.
120179): Mellan, lägsta populationsfördubblingstid 1,4-4,4 år (K=0.25).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (38 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (62 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 43.6 [27.1, 58.6] mg/100g; Iron = 0.56 [0.38, 0.86] mg/100g; Protein = 19 [18, 20] %; Omega3 = 0.123 [0.091, 0.167] g/100g; Selenium = 34.6 [22.7, 54.6] μg/100g; VitaminA = 63.4 [24.5, 160.6] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.27 [0.97, 1.64] mg/100g (wet weight);
