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Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology: Reinhardtius: Because of Johannes Christopher H. Reinhardt, Danish zoologist, studied under Vahl and Cuvier, professor in Kobanhavn in 1813 (1776-1845) (Ref. 45335). More on author: Walbaum.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
البيئة
; بحري قاعية التغذية و المعيشة; محيطية (Ref. 51243); نطاق العمق 1 - 2200 m (Ref. 108960), usually 500 - 1000 m (Ref. 6263). Boreal; -1°C - 4°C (Ref. 43586); 79°N - 33°N, 180°W - 180°E (Ref. 54862)
Circumglobal: In arctic and temperate waters; northern hemisphere. Sea of Japan off Honshu north to Shishmaref, Alaska in the Chukchi Sea, throughout the Aleutian Islands, and southeast to northern Baja California, Mexico. North Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to Spitsbergen (Svalbard Islands) and the Barents Sea south to Ireland. Northwest Atlantic: Canada (Ref. 5951).
Length at first maturity / الحجم / وزن / العمر
Maturity: Lm 60.3, range 65 - 80 cm
Max length : 110 cm TL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 80637); 130.0 cm TL (female); common length : 56.0 cm FL ذكر/ مختلط الجنس; (Ref. 55110); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 7.0 kg (Ref. 173); أعلا وزن تم نشرة: 7.0 kg; العمر: 30 سنين (Ref. 3561)
الأشواك الظهرية (المجموع): 0; الأشعة الظهرية الناعمة (المجموع): 83-108; شوكة شرجية 0; أشعه شرجية لينه: 62 - 79; فقرات: 60 - 64. Dorsal origin behind posterior edge of upper eye. Caudal slightly forked to truncate. Pectorals small.
Often caught pelagically (Ref. 4705). Adults prefer bottom temperatures of -0.5°C to 6.0°C (Ref. 5951). Epibenthic (Ref. 58426). Feed on crustaceans, fishes (Ref. 4705, 6885), eelpouts, capelin, redfishes, deep sea prawns and other bottom invertebrates (Ref. 35388). Batch spawner (Ref. 51846). Utilized dried or salted and frozen; can be steamed and fried (Ref. 9988). Size of the Greenland halibut collected from 400-599 m deep in eastern Bering Sea, ranged from 9 to 99 cm FL with a mean of 56 cm (Ref. 55110).
Nielsen, J.G., 1986. Pleuronectidae. p. 1299-1307. In P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen and E. Tortonese (eds.) Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. UNESCO, Paris. Vol. 3. (Ref. 4705)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 120744)
CITES (Ref. 118484)
Not Evaluated
استخدامات بشرية
مصائد: ذو قيمة تاجرية عالية
مزيد من المعلومات
مراجعالأستزراع المائيملف الأستزراع المائيسلالاتجينيتواتر الأليلالتوريثالأمراضمعالجةMass conversion
أدوات
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مصادر علي الأنترنت
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
115969): 0.5 - 4.2, mean 3 (based on 361 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82805): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00380 - 0.00632), b=3.11 (3.03 - 3.19), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
مستوى غذائي (Ref.
69278): 4.4 ±0.1 se; Based on diet studies.
المرونه (Ref.
120179): منخفض, الحد الزمني الأدني لتضاعف عدد أفراد المجتمع 4.5-14 سنة (K=0.07-0.10; tm=7-12; tmax=30; Fec=6,800).
Prior r = 0.25, 95% CL = 0.17 - 0.38, Based on 10 stock assessments.
عرضة للخطر (Ref.
59153): High to very high vulnerability (70 of 100) .
