分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Pleuronectiformes (Flatfishes)
鰈形目 (Flatfishes) >
Pleuronectidae (Righteye flounders)
鰈科 (Righteye flounders) > Pleuronectinae
Etymology: Platichthys: Greek, platys = flat + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335).
More on author: Pallas.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
海洋; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 居於水底的; 降海洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 375 m (Ref. 6793). 極; 73°N - 33°N, 124°E - 119°W
Northern Pacific, from the Yellow Sea along coasts of Korean Peninsula, Russian Far East, and Japanese Arch. to the Arctic, including Chukchi and Beaufort seas, extending to the south through the Bering Sea to California.
北太平洋: 韓國與日本南部經過白令海峽與阿拉斯加州北極圈 (參考文獻 2850) 籍的到加冕禮灣, 加拿大西北地區與聖芭芭拉，美國的南加州。 與 副眉鰈〔Parophrys vetulus〕 雜交 - 那雜交, 稱為 強鰈〔Inopsetta ischyra〕 , 可能被發現於從白令海到舊金山，美國加州。 也雜交 石鰈〔Kareius bicoloratus〕 。 (參考文獻 27547)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm ?, range 35 - ? cm
Max length : 91.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 2850); common length : 57.5 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 12193); 最大體重: 9.1 kg (Ref. 2850); 最大年齡: 42 年 (Ref. 117245)
背棘 (總數): 0; 背的軟條 (總數): 52-66; 臀棘 1; 臀鰭軟條: 38 - 47; 脊椎骨: 34 - 37. Distinguished by the presence of both eyes on the same side of the head, dorsal and anal fins that are marked with dark and light (white to orange) bars, and especially, by the stellate, bony tubercles scattered over its body (Ref. 27547). Dorsal originates over middle of upper eye; anal with a sharp, forward pointing spine (often buried in skin) before first ray; pectorals are bluntly pointed; caudal slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Eyed side dark brown to nearly black, sometimes with indefinite blotchings (Alaskans specimens sometimes with a greenish tinge); blind side white to creamy; dorsal fin with 4 to 7 dark bars with white to orange spaces between; anal fin with 4 to 6 such bars; caudal fin with 3 or 4 dark longitudinal bars on its posterior part; in rare cases, the blind side may be partly or completely colored like the eyed side, or white may be present on the eyed side, creating a piebald effect (Ref. 27547, 28897, 28898).
區別的特徵為那有兩眼在頭部的相同側邊, 背鰭與臀鰭那是有顯著的深色而淡的 (白色到橘色的) 橫帶, 而且尤其，藉由星形又多骨的小瘤散佈在它的身體.(參考文獻 27547) 背部的在眼睛上方的中央之上開始; 肛門的具有一個銳利地, 朝向前面的棘 (時常埋藏在皮膚之中) 以前第一個鰭條; 胸鰭是頓尖的; 尾部的略圓.(參考文獻 27547) 有眼睛的一邊深褐色的到幾乎黑色, 有時有不確定的 blotchings;(阿拉斯加人標本有時有一種呈綠色的淡色) 沒有眼睛的一邊白色到乳脂色的; 背鰭有用白色到橘色的間隔空間的 4 到 7條深色的橫帶; 臀鰭有 4 到 6條如此的橫帶; 尾鰭有 3 或 4 深色的縱向橫帶在它的較後面的部分; 在少數情形下，沒有眼睛的一邊部分可能是或者完全彩色像有眼睛的一邊, 或白色可能是位於有眼睛的一邊之上, 創造斑紋的效果.(參考文獻 27547,28897,28898)
Found inshore, often in very shallow water and in estuaries during the summer; moving into deeper water in the winter (Ref. 27547). However, they may occur in deep water throughout the year (Ref. 27547). Does not venture into water of high salinities (Ref. 28899). Young and adults move up rivers, as much as 120 km (Ref. 27547). Benthic (Ref. 58426). Feeds on crustaceans, worms, small mollusks, brittle stars, and small fishes (Ref. 6885). Important game fish (Ref. 2850). Utilized fresh and frozen; eaten steamed, fried, boiled, microwaved, and baked (Ref. 9988).
發現於岸邊., 常見於很淺的水域中與在河口在夏天期間; 在冬天遷進較深的水域。 (參考文獻 27547) 然而，他們可能出現在深水域全年度。 (參考文獻 27547) 不會冒險進入高的鹽度的水.(參考文獻 28899) 幼魚與成魚移動從河口向上, 高達 120 公里.(參考文獻 27547) 底棲的.(參考文獻 58426) 吃甲殼動物，蠕蟲，小的軟體動物，海星與小魚。 (參考文獻 6885) 重要的遊釣魚類.(參考文獻 2850) 生鮮使用與冷凍; 清蒸,油炸,煮沸, 微波., 而且燒烤..(參考文獻 9988)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Onset of metamorphosis occurs at 10.5 mm. First settlement of youngs are in shallow silty-sandy substrates, usually in estuaries (Ref. 117245).北太平洋: 韓國與日本南部經過白令海峽與阿拉斯加州北極圈 (參考文獻 2850) 籍的到加冕禮灣, 加拿大西北地區與聖芭芭拉，美國的南加州。 與 副眉鰈〔Parophrys vetulus〕 雜交 - 那雜交, 稱為 強鰈〔Inopsetta ischyra〕 , 可能被發現於從白令海到舊金山，美國加州。 也雜交 石鰈〔Kareius bicoloratus〕 。 (參考文獻 27547)
Vinnikov, K.A., R.C. Thomson and T.A. Munroe, 2018. Revised classification of the righteye flounders (Teleostei: Pleuronectidae) based on multilocus phylogeny with complete taxon sampling. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 125:147-162. (Ref. 122998)
IUCN 瀕危狀態 (Ref. 130435)
無危 (LC) ; Date assessed: 05 November 2020
人類使用
漁業: 低經濟; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.2 - 8.3, mean 3.2 °C (based on 669 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.7500 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00813 (0.00708 - 0.00933), b=3.09 (3.05 - 3.13), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 5.7 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2-3; tmax=24).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate to high vulnerability (51 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): High vulnerability (61 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 19.3 [7.6, 34.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.295 [0.124, 0.633] mg/100g; Protein = 17.3 [15.2, 19.3] %; Omega3 = 0.192 [0.086, 0.415] g/100g; Selenium = 19.4 [7.6, 49.8] μg/100g; VitaminA = 4.35 [0.71, 27.54] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.332 [0.214, 0.514] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
