Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Écologie
marin; eau douce; saumâtre démersal; profondeur 0 - 75 m (Ref. 5217). Tropical; 26°C - 29°C (Ref. 36880); 41°N - 33°S
Western Atlantic: New Jersey, USA to the Antilles and Brazil.
Taille / Poids / Âge
Maturity: Lm ?  range ? - ? cm
Max length : 21.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 122735); common length : 15.0 cm TL mâle / non sexé; (Ref. 5217); poids max. publié: 99.40 g (Ref. 122735)
Épines dorsales (Total): 0; Rayons mous dorsaux (Total): 74-84; Épines anales 0; Rayons mous anaux: 52 - 63
Occurs in shallow muddy bottoms from the coastline to 75 m depth; also in brackish estuaries and hypersaline lagoons (Ref. 5217). Inhabit mainly coastal waters and tidelands, but abundant in waters very near the sea to a few meters elevation with wholly freshwater ichthyofauna (Ref. 36880). Feeds mainly on zooplankton and zoobenthos (Ref. 13196). Taken with beach nets (Ref. 5217).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturité | Reproduction | Frai | Œufs | Fécondité | Larves
Distinct pairing (Ref. 205). Oviparous (Ref. 101737). Females produce numerous eggs in multiple spawnings during a prolonged spawning period (Ref. 101737).
Robins, C.R. and G.C. Ray, 1986. A field guide to Atlantic coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 354 p. (Ref. 7251)
Statut dans la liste rouge de l'IUCN (Ref. 130435)
Menace pour l'homme
Harmless
Utilisations par l'homme
Pêcheries: intérêt commercial mineur
Plus d'informations
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Sources Internet
Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 22.5 - 28, mean 25.5 °C (based on 608 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00631 (0.00505 - 0.00789), b=3.12 (3.07 - 3.17), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
Niveau trophique (Ref.
69278): 3.6 ±0.58 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 2.6 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Résilience (Ref.
120179): Haut, temps minimum de doublement de population inférieur à 15 mois (K=0.42; Fec=6,009 (batch fecundity)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (28 of 100).