分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Issue
Name often misapplied for Pungitius laevis (Cuvier, 1829) that replaces Pungitius pungitius in nothwesternmost Europe.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水 底中水层性; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 110 m (Ref. 58426), usually 70 - 77 m (Ref. 1998). 溫帶; 10°C - 20°C (Ref. 1672); 82°N - 35°N, 180°W - 180°E
Circumarctic: Arctic and Atlantic drainages across Canada and Alaska, and as far south as New Jersey, USA; Pacific coast of Alaska; Great Lakes basin; also in Eurasia (Ref. 5723). Eurasia: coastal areas of northern Europe, from Netherlands to northern Russia, including southern Norway and Baltic basin. Widely distributed inland in eastern Scandinavia. Extends eastward to Siberia and Japan, but remains to be confirmed that East Asia populations are conspecific with European ones (Ref. 59043).
Circumarctic: 橫過加拿大的大西洋的流域向南遠至美國的紐澤西; 在加拿大卑詩省的 Liard 河;(參考文獻 10882) 阿拉斯加州的太平洋海岸; 五大湖流域; 歐洲北部與亞洲，從英國與法國到西伯利亞，俄國，韓國，日本與中國的流域。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 3.7 range ? - ? cm
Max length : 9.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27547); common length : 6.5 cm NG 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 27547); 最大年龄: 5 年 (Ref. 27547)
背棘 (总数): 6 - 12; 背的软条 (总数): 9-13; 臀棘 1; 臀鳍软条: 8 - 13; 脊椎骨: 30 - 35. Distinguished uniquely from congeners in Europe by having scutes on side of caudal peduncle, forming a keel. Differs further from other members of the genus in Europe by the combination of the following characters: flank lacking scutes; dorsal fin with 7-11 spines; and caudal peduncle wider than deep (Ref. 59043). Distinguished by the presence of 7 to 12 free spines in front of the dorsal fin and a long caudal keel that usually reaches beneath the dorsal fin (Ref. 27547). Dorsal spines separated from one another, each with a rudimentary membrane on its posterior side; anal spine stout and curved; posterior edge of pectorals rounded; pelvic ray pressed close to the spine; caudal fin usually truncate, varying from slightly indented to slightly rounded (Ref. 27547). Pale green, grey, or olive above, strongly pigmented with irregularly arranged dark bars or blotches; silvery below (Ref. 1998). Fins colorless (Ref. 27547). Breeding colors may be variable, depending on sex, population and stage of breeding cycle but color of females always less intense than those of males (Ref. 27547). Aggressive females become dark on the back and paler below, then sometimes become paler with more conspicuous saddle marks as actual breeding approaches (Ref. 30380). Aggressive males become totally black except for the colorless fins and the membranes on the pelvic spines, which are white. At breeding, the males become paler on the back and more intensely black on the belly, especially under the chin (Ref. 28993, 30380). Breeding males on the east coast of North America have been reported as reddish under the head and greenish on the belly (Ref. 27547). Caudal fin with 12 rays (Ref. 2196).
区别的特徵为那在背鳍与通常达到背鳍下面的一个长的尾部龙骨脊之前有 7 到 12根自由的棘.(参考文献 27547) 背棘彼此分开, 每个具有一个不发达的薄膜在它的在后部的侧边; 臀鳍硬棘矮胖的而且弯曲; 胸鳍的后缘圆的; 压的腹鳍鳍条接近棘; 尾鳍通常截形的, 改变从些微地切割成锯齿状略圆的.(参考文献 27547) 灰绿色，灰色的，或橄榄色上方, 强烈地有颜色有不规则的深色横带或斑块; 下面银色的.(参考文献 1998) 鳍无色的.(参考文献 27547) 繁殖颜色可能是可变的, 依据繁殖的性别，族群与阶段而定周期但是雌性的颜色总是比较不密集超过雄性的.(参考文献 27547) 侵略性雌性变成深色的背部之上与腹面灰白的, 然后有时变成灰白有更如真实的繁殖方法的显着标志.(参考文献 30380) 侵略性雄性完全地变成黑色在腹棘上除了无色的鳍与薄膜, 那是白色。 在繁殖，雄性变成较灰白的背部之上与更密集黑色在腹面上, 尤其在下巴下面.(参考文献 28993,30380) 在北美洲的东海岸上的繁殖期的雄性曾经报告当淡红的在头部下面与呈绿色的在腹面上.(参考文献 27547) 尾鳍有 12个鳍条。 (参考文献 2196)
Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723). Marine populations found near shore and move into fresh water to spawn (Ref. 5723). There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547). Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426). Feed on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998). Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678). Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205). Females grow faster and live longer than do other males (Ref. 27547). Males seldom live beyond age three, due to heavy post-spawning mortality, but females may live to age five or more (Ref. 27547). When abundant, it is preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998); also preyed by birds (Ref. 27547). May be used as human or dog food or as a source of oil (Ref. 27547).
发现于缓动性溪流的湖，池塘与水池的水浅有植物生长的区域了; 有时在开放的水域中在沙子之上.(参考文献 5723) 海洋的族群发现近岸而且移进中淡水到产卵.(参考文献 5723) 在哪里在春天状似季节性的运动沿海地区到浅水区进行产卵, 与, 秋天时, 深水域的外海, 或甚至到海洋的盐分较低部份, 藉着幼鱼与存活产卵的成鱼.(参考文献 27547) 吃小型无脊椎动物; 也吃水生昆虫与他们的卵与仔鱼.(参考文献 1998) 卵被发现于由植物构成的巢。 (参考文献 41678) 雌性比做其他的雄性生长快速地而且活的较长。 (参考文献 27547) 雄性很少生活超过三岁,由于重的后产卵必死的命运，但是雌性可能活到五岁或更多。 (参考文献 27547) 当丰富的时候, 它被其他的鱼捕食;(参考文献 1998) 也被鸟捕食了。 (参考文献 27547) 可能是用作人类或者狗食物或者作为一个油的来源。 (参考文献 27547)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
During the spawning season, both males and females set up territories which are defended against intruders of either sex. The male builds the nest with plant fragments and binds it together with a kidney secretion. The nest has two openings. The male then entices the female into the nest with quick dancing movements. An enticed female follows the male to his nest, enters it through one opening, deposits 50 to 80 eggs, then leaves through the other opening (Ref. 1998, 27547). In nests with one opening, the female enters, turns around, deposits her eggs and leaves (Ref. 27547). The male then enters the nest and fertilizes the eggs as it swims toward the other opening. More than one female may deposit eggs to the nest. The male guards one opening and aerates the eggs (Ref. 1998). Soon after releasing a clutch of eggs, a female feeds voraciously and in a day or so, is ready to be courted again (Ref. 27547). Sometimes the nest falls apart before the eggs hatch. The male may build a new nest nearby and transfer the eggs to it. At hatching, the male enters the nest to remove egg remains. Newly hatched larvae move to the top of the nest and settle on it. The male may construct a nursery above the nest. As the larvae become more active, the male catches them in his mouth and spits them back to the nest or nursery. As the larvae become more active, the male loses interest in them, and may build a new nest and repeat the process or the breeding season ends (Ref. 28993). Eggs hatch in 6-7 days (Ref. 59043).Circumarctic: 橫過加拿大的大西洋的流域向南遠至美國的紐澤西; 在加拿大卑詩省的 Liard 河;(參考文獻 10882) 阿拉斯加州的太平洋海岸; 五大湖流域; 歐洲北部與亞洲，從英國與法國到西伯利亞，俄國，韓國，日本與中國的流域。
Page, L.M. and B.M. Burr, 1991. A field guide to freshwater fishes of North America north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston. 432 p. (Ref. 5723)
人类利用
渔业: 自给性渔业; 水族馆: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 0.4 - 10.2, mean 4.1 °C (based on 169 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00490 (0.00252 - 0.00951), b=3.01 (2.83 - 3.19), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.1 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=1-2; tmax=5; Fec=350).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 39.3 [7.2, 146.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.492 [0.157, 1.239] mg/100g; Protein = 1.64 [0.00, 5.51] %; Omega3 = 0.326 [0.115, 0.970] g/100g; Selenium = 6.57 [1.71, 25.10] μg/100g; VitaminA = 33.2 [6.4, 166.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 0.887 [0.443, 1.834] mg/100g (wet weight);
