分类 / Names
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Teleostei >
Osmeriformes (Freshwater smelts) >
Osmeridae (Smelts)
Etymology: Thaleichthys: Greek, thaleia, -as = abundance + Greek, ichthys = fish (Ref. 45335); pacificus: pacificus - of the Pacific (Ref. 1998).
More on author: Richardson.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋; 淡水; 半咸淡水; 溯河洄游 (Ref. 51243); 深度上下限 0 - 300 m (Ref. 6793). 溫帶; 61°N - 40°N, 171°W - 121°W (Ref. 86798)
North Pacific: west of Saint Matthew Island and Kuskokwim Bay in the Bering Sea, and Bowers Bank in the Aleutian Islands to Monterey Bay, California, USA. Populations from northern British Columbia are separate from those in the Fraser River (Ref. 10276).
北太平洋: 在白令海 , 與樹蔭處的位於聖徒馬修島西方與 Kuskokwim 海灣在阿留申群島中岸堤到蒙德勒海灣，美國加州。 來自卑詩省北部的族群是與那些在菲沙河分開.(參考文獻 10276)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 15.5, range 15 - 16 cm
Max length : 34.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 56527); common length : 20.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 7354); 最大年龄: 5 年 (Ref. 12193)
背棘 (总数): 0; 背的软条 (总数): 10-13; 臀棘 0; 臀鳍软条: 18 - 23; 脊椎骨: 65 - 72. Distinguished by the large canine teeth on the vomer and 18 to 23 rays in the anal fin (Ref. 27547). Adipose fin sickle-shaped; paired fins longer in males than in females; all fins with well developed breeding tubercles in ripe males which are poorly developed or absent in females (Ref. 27547). Adult coloration is brown to blue on back and top of the head, the sides lighter to silvery white, and the ventral surface white; speckling is fine, sparse and restricted to the back; peritoneum is light with black speckles (Ref. 6885). Fins transparent, pectorals and caudal often dusky (Ref. 27547). During spawning, male fish has a distinctly raised ridge along the middle of the body and a rough texture, differentiating it from the female which is smaller, smoother and shinier.
在臀鳍中的犁骨与 18 到 23个鳍条上区别的特徵为大獠牙了。 (参考文献 27547) 脂鳍镰刀-形状的; 偶鳍比较长的在雄性中超过在雌性中; 全部在成熟的雄性中鳍有发展良好的繁殖小瘤那是发展不良的或者不存在于雌性.(参考文献 27547) 成鱼的颜色是褐色到蓝色背面与头部的顶端, 侧边颜色淡的到银白色, 与腹面白色; 斑点是细的, 稀疏的而且局限于背部; 腹膜颜色较淡有黑色的小斑点.(参考文献 6885) 鳍透明, 胸鳍与尾鳍时常暗色的.(参考文献 27547) 在产卵的时候，雄鱼鱼有一个明显凸起的脊沿着身体与一种粗糙的质地的中央, 区别从母鱼它是比较小的, 厚雾与比较有光泽的。
Found near shore and in coastal inlets and rivers (Ref. 2850). Possibly to 625 m depth (Ref. 6793). Spends most of its life in the sea, returning to freshwater streams to spawn (Ref. 27547). There is evidence of return to natal streams (Ref. 10276). May migrate up to 160 km upstream. Feeds on plankton and only while at sea (11699, 10276). Excellent food fish and source of oil (15% body wt.). Anadromous (Ref. 96339).
发现于靠近海岸了与在海岸的小水湾与河中.(参考文献 2850) 可能地对 625 公尺深.(参考文献 6793) 渡过在海洋中的它生命期的大部份, 回到淡水溪流到产卵。 (参考文献 27547) 有证据回到出生的溪流.(参考文献 10276) 可能向上洄游到 160个公里上游。 吃浮游生物与只有在海上的时候.(11699,10276) 优良的食用鱼与油的来源 (15% 身体 wt.)。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
The spawning run from the sea to freshwater streams begins when river temperature rises to about 4.4° but the fish stop running if temperature exceeds 7.8°C. Males predominate the early part of the run, but their numbers are equalled or exceeded by females later (Ref. 10276, 11699). Adults usually die after spawning but some move back to the sea and return to spawn a second time (Ref. 1998). Upon hatching, larvae are found near the bottom and are soon carried downstream to salt water and eventually found in the scattering layer of coastal waters (Ref. 27547).北太平洋: 在白令海 , 與樹蔭處的位於聖徒馬修島西方與 Kuskokwim 海灣在阿留申群島中岸堤到蒙德勒海灣，美國加州。 來自卑詩省北部的族群是與那些在菲沙河分開.(參考文獻 10276)
Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Boston (MA, USA): Houghton Mifflin Company. xii+336 p. (Ref. 2850)
人类利用
渔业: 商业性
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 1.3 - 8.6, mean 4.2 °C (based on 403 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 1.0000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00372 (0.00182 - 0.00758), b=3.17 (2.99 - 3.35), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.37 se; based on food items.
Generation time: 3.2 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增时间最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (tm=2-6; tmax=5; K=0.34; Fec=17,000-60,000 Musick et al. 2000 (Ref.
36717)).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low to moderate vulnerability (33 of 100).
Climate Vulnerability (Ref.
125649): Moderate vulnerability (35 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 98.1 [24.8, 242.3] mg/100g; Iron = 0.808 [0.238, 2.305] mg/100g; Protein = 14.8 [13.7, 16.1] %; Omega3 = 1.23 [0.53, 3.04] g/100g; Selenium = 13.3 [5.8, 38.0] μg/100g; VitaminA = 15.1 [4.9, 47.7] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.02 [0.47, 1.97] mg/100g (wet weight); based on
nutrient studies.
