Issue
The species in the genera Spratelloides Bleeker, 1851 and Jenkinsia Jordan & Evermann, 1896 should most probably be assigned to a separated family from Clupeidae and Dussumieriidae (Lavoué, pers. comm., July 2013). See a preliminary analysis in Lavoué et al. (2013: Ref. 93878).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Ökologie
seewasser riff-verbunden; tiefenbereich 0 - 50 m. Subtropical; 34°N - 8°N, 100°W - 60°W (Ref. 188)
Western Central Atlantic: Bermuda, Florida (USA), Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean south to Tobago. Antilles (Ref. 26938).
Length at first maturity / Size / Gewicht / Alter
Maturity: Lm 2.8, range 2 - ? cm
Max length : 7.5 cm TL Männchen/unbestimmt; (Ref. 9710)
Rückenflossenstacheln (insgesamt): 0; Afterflossenstacheln 0; Wirbelzahl: 40 - 43. Lower gill raker counts, show some correlation with geographical area, suggesting that the species may comprise three races or subspecies. W-shaped pelvic scute; pre-maxillae toothed, 1 supra-maxilla; isthmus slender, but with slight 'shoulders' anteriorly; vertebrae 40 to 43 (usually 42 - Venezuela); silver lateral band not becoming narrower or fading near gill opening (Ref. 188). Chest is slightly keeled. Small anal fin. Faintly greenish above (Ref. 37032).
A schooling species usually occurring inshore. Feeds on zooplankton. Preyed upon by many larger fishes and squids (Ref. 5521). Important as live bait for scombrids (Ref. 26340). In 1937, at Kingston, Jamaica it spawns during the winter months. Travels long distance (Ref. 37032).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Geschlechtsreife | Fortpflanzung | Ablaichen | Eier | Fecundity | Larven
Whitehead, P.J.P., 1985. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 7. Clupeoid fishes of the world (suborder Clupeoidei). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the herrings, sardines, pilchards, sprats, shads, anchovies and wolf-herrings. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(7/1):1-303. Rome: FAO. (Ref. 188)
IUCN Rote Liste Status (Ref. 130435)
Bedrohung für Menschen
Harmless
Nutzung durch Menschen
Fischereien: weniger kommerziell; Köder: usually
Mehr Information
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.4 - 28, mean 26.8 °C (based on 200 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5625 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00692 (0.00358 - 0.01337), b=3.26 (3.09 - 3.43), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & (Sub)family-body (Ref.
93245).
Trophic level (Ref.
69278): 3.3 ±0.3 se; based on diet studies.
Generation time: 0.3 ( na - na) years. Estimated as median ln(3)/K based on 1
growth studies.
Widerstandsfähigkeit (Ref.
120179): hoch, Verdopplung der Population dauert weniger als 15 Monate. (tm<1; K>0.3).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Low vulnerability (10 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 177 [73, 638] mg/100g; Iron = 2.61 [0.98, 5.72] mg/100g; Protein = 19.7 [17.9, 21.3] %; Omega3 = 0.356 [0.102, 1.308] g/100g; Selenium = 34 [9, 124] μg/100g; VitaminA = 26.6 [4.9, 168.4] μg/100g; Zinc = 2.25 [1.12, 4.22] mg/100g (wet weight);
