分类 / Names
俗名 | 同种异名 | Catalog of Fishes(属, 种) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生态学
海洋 居于水底的; 深度上下限 1 - 120 m (Ref. 36484), usually ? - 15 m (Ref. 3589). 熱帶; 40°N - 24°S, 99°W - 9°E (Ref. 5222)
Western Atlantic: Massachusetts, USA and Bermuda to the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Brazil. Eastern Atlantic: Ascension and St. Helena islands; dubious records from the Canary Islands, Cape Verde and South Africa (Ref. 1496, 1953, 6572) are discussed by Heemstra (Ref. 6512). Also recorded from eastern Atlantic from Sao Tome in the Gulf of Guinea and from the Azores (Portugal) (Ref. 089707).
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州與百慕達群島到墨西哥灣, 那加勒比海的與巴西南部。 包括安地列斯群島與中美洲與南美洲的海岸。 (參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 阿森松島與聖赫勒拿島; 可疑的來自加納利群島, 維德角的紀錄與南非 (參考文獻 1496,1953,6572) 被 Heemstra 討論.(參考文獻 6512)
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年龄
Maturity: Lm 30.4, range 25 - 36 cm
Max length : 65.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 118680); common length : 35.0 cm TL 雄鱼/尚未辨别雌雄; (Ref. 5217); 最大体重: 4.5 kg (Ref. 118249); 最大年龄: 25 年 (Ref. 118249)
背棘 (总数): 11; 背的软条 (总数): 16-17; 臀棘 3; 臀鳍软条: 8. Maxilla without scales. Preopercle with rounded, only slightly enlarged, spines at its angle. Opercle with 3 flat spines, middle one the largest. Pelvic fins shorter than pectorals and shorter than longest dorsal spine. Bases of soft dorsal and anal fins covered with scales and thick skin. 2 or 3 dark saddles along base of dorsal fin and another on top of caudal peduncle. Tan with red spots on head, body and fins, spots becoming larger ventrally (Ref. 26938); characterized further by: body depth less than head length, 2.6-3.2 times in SL; head length 2.1-2.5 in SL; interorbital area flat or slightly concave; preopercle evenly serrate; smooth subopercle and interopercle; subequal posterior and anterior nostrils (Ref. 089707).
颚骨没有鳞片。 前鳃盖骨有圆的, 只些微地增大了, 棘在其角上。 鳃盖有 3根平坦的棘，中央一最大的。 腹鳍短于胸鳍与短于长的背棘。 软背鳍与臀鳍的基底覆盖着鳞片与厚的皮肤了。 2 或 3 黑的鞍状斑沿着背鳍基底而且另一个在尾柄的顶端上。 黄褐色的在头部，身体与鳍上有红色的斑点, 斑点腹地变得比较大的.(参考文献 26938)
Inhabits rocky reefs. Usually solitary (Ref. 29). Difficult to approach (Ref. 9710). Juveniles often seen in rockpools (Ref. 86997). Feeds mainly on crabs (67%) and fishes (20%). In the Ascension I., feeds on juvenile Melichthys niger and young sea turtles. Its flesh is of good quality. Marketed fresh. Angling: Like other grouper, rock hind are caught by fishing at the right depth over an irregular bottom (Ref. 84357).
栖息于岩礁。 通常独居性的.(参考文献 29) 主要吃螃蟹 (67%) 与鱼 (20%) 。 在 Ascension 岛，它吃稚鱼 Melichthys niger 与幼鱼海龟。 困难的接近.(参考文献 9710) 它的肉是有好品质的。 在市场上销售生鲜地了。
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 产卵场 | 卵 | 孕卵数 | 仔鱼
西大西洋: 美國麻薩諸塞州與百慕達群島到墨西哥灣, 那加勒比海的與巴西南部。 包括安地列斯群島與中美洲與南美洲的海岸。 (參考文獻 26938) 東大西洋: 阿森松島與聖赫勒拿島; 可疑的來自加納利群島, 維德角的紀錄與南非 (參考文獻 1496,1953,6572) 被 Heemstra 討論.(參考文獻 6512)
Heemstra, P.C. and J.E. Randall, 1993. FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 16. Groupers of the world (family Serranidae, subfamily Epinephelinae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of the grouper, rockcod, hind, coral grouper and lyretail species known to date. Rome: FAO. FAO Fish. Synop. 125(16):382 p. (Ref. 5222)
人类利用
渔业: 高经济性; 游钓鱼种: 是的
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参考文献养殖养殖信息品种遗传学Electrophoreses遗传率疾病加工NutrientsMass conversion
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Estimates based on models
Preferred temperature (Ref.
123201): 24.2 - 28.1, mean 27.3 °C (based on 1043 cells).
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01202 (0.00752 - 0.01922), b=3.10 (2.97 - 3.23), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species & Genus-body shape (Ref.
93245).
营养阶层 (Ref.
69278): 3.5 ±0.4 se; based on diet studies.
回复力 (Ref.
120179): 低的, 最小族群倍增时间4.5 - 14 年 (K=0.11).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): High vulnerability (63 of 100).
Nutrients (Ref.
124155): Calcium = 86.2 [37.2, 188.8] mg/100g; Iron = 0.991 [0.462, 2.360] mg/100g; Protein = 17.7 [16.1, 19.2] %; Omega3 = 0.203 [0.104, 0.371] g/100g; Selenium = 71.6 [34.9, 165.7] μg/100g; VitaminA = 32.5 [8.0, 126.3] μg/100g; Zinc = 1.24 [0.78, 2.01] mg/100g (wet weight);
