分類 / Names
俗名 | 同種異名 | Catalog of Fishes(屬, 種) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Teleostei >
Cichliformes (Cichlids, convict blennies)
鱸形目 (Cichlids, convict blennies) >
Cichlidae (Cichlids)
慈鯛科魚類 (Cichlids) > Pseudocrenilabrinae
Etymology: Oreochromis: Latin, aurum = gold + Greek, chromis = a fish, perhaps a perch (Ref. 45335); andersonii: Named for the Swede Charles John Anderson, who explored Namibia during the middle of the 19th century (Ref. 13337).
More on author: Castelnau.
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
生態學
; 淡水; 半鹹淡水 底中水層性; 深度上下限 0 - 10 m (Ref. 54002), usually 3 - 6 m (Ref. 54002). 熱帶; 18°C - 33°C (Ref. 3); 12°S - 21°S
Africa: Ngami basin, Okavango River; Cunene River and Mossamedes, Angola; upper Zambezi, Kafue River; middle Zambezi, Lake Kariba and Cabora Bassa since construction of dams. Several countries report adverse ecological impact after introduction (2265). Also reported from the Kasai system in Angola (Ref. 120641). Reported as introduced in Kasanka National Park (upper Congo River basin) in Zambia (Ref. 95585).
非洲: Ngami 流域, 奧塔萬戈河; 庫內內河與 Mossamedes, 安哥拉; 尚比西河上游, Kafue 河; 自從水壩的建築以後的中央尚比西河，卡裡巴湖與卡布拉巴薩。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Length at first maturity / 大小 / 重量 / 年齡
Maturity: Lm 20.7, range 12 - 15 cm
Max length : 61.0 cm TL 雄魚/尚未辨別雌雄; (Ref. 40637); 最大體重: 4.7 kg (Ref. 40637); 最大年齡: 13 年 (Ref. 13400)
背棘 (總數): 15 - 18; 背的軟條 (總數): 11-15; 臀棘 3; 臀鰭軟條: 9 - 13; 脊椎骨: 30 - 32. Diagnosis: male genital papilla bluntly conical with a narrow flange slightly notched in the middle; jaws enlarged in breeding males, which in this species are normally not less than 30cm TL; scales in lateral line series 31-35, usually 32-33; scales of cheek in 3 full rows; vertebrae 30-32; total number of dorsal rays 28-31. Pectoral fin in adults 34-43% SL (Ref. 2), very long (Ref. 1904). Depth of body 40.5-50.5% SL; color-pattern of non-breeding fish and female always including 3 or 4 conspicuous mid-lateral blotches and a red margin on dorsal and caudal fins; breeding male with red margins broader and brighter and general dark, iridescent purplish-brown color of head, back and flanks, masking the blotches; no series of vertical spots or vertical stripes on caudal fin; nest a simple circular depression (Ref. 2).
鑑別: 雄魚生殖乳突鈍地錐形在中央中具有一個狹窄的邊緣微凹; 顎在繁殖期的雄性中增大了, 在這種方面通常不是少於 30 公分TL; 在側線列 31-35 中的鱗片, 通常 32-33; 在 3 完整的列中頰的鱗片; 脊椎骨 30-32; 背鰭鰭條 28-31 的總數. 胸鰭當成魚時 34-43% SL(參考文獻 2), 非常長的.(參考文獻 1904) 身體 40.5-50.5% SL 的深度; 非繁殖魚與母魚的彩色斑紋總是包括 3 或 4 在背鰭與尾鰭鰭上的顯著的側面中央的斑塊與紅色的邊緣; 繁殖期的雄魚有紅色的邊緣更寬與更明亮而一般的深色, 頭部，背面與側面的彩虹色紫褐色顏色, 掩蔽斑塊; 沒有在尾鰭上的成列的垂直斑點或垂直的斑紋; 築巢一個單一的圓形凹窪。 (參考文獻 2)
描述: 深地身體 (參考文獻 12524,13337,52307,54048) 具有一個直的輪廓.(參考文獻 1887,2989,6465,12524,13337,54048) 吻圓的。 (參考文獻 1887,2989) 被在鼻孔與眼之間延伸至的小的嘴 (參考文獻 12524,13337,13400).(參考文獻 2989) 低的咽骨細長的.(參考文獻 54096) 齒細長的, 不濃密地擁擠 (參考文獻 2,54096), 後面的具有一個標示第二個尖頭或肩; 只有在第三個脊椎骨上的下方椎骨的隆起; microbranchiospines 位於弓的外部側邊之上 2 到 4; 在胸鰭基底與腹鰭之間的 5-8個鱗片; 尾鰭只在基底覆有鱗片的。 (參考文獻 2) 尾鰭有 15個鰭條。 (參考文獻 1904) 成魚的大雄魚有被延長的背鰭的後面的鰭條.(參考文獻 12524,13337) 胸鰭延伸到垂直的臀鰭起點; 腹鰭在排洩孔之間達到與肛門的; 尾鰭圓的; 鱗片圓形的.(參考文獻 1887,2989)
體色 身體銀灰色的與頭部與身體的上部比腹面部份顏色更深.(參考文獻 2,52307) 背鰭淡綠色的到褐色的參考文獻 12524,13337). 胸鰭 (參考文獻 1904,12524,13337) 與腹鰭淡灰色的 ( 參考文獻 1904) 到綠色的; 臀鰭灰色的到綠色的在它的基底.(參考文獻 12524,13337) 邊緣背部的與臀鰭鮮紅色.(參考文獻 2,6465,7248,12524,13337,52193,52307) 柔軟部位背鰭與臀鰭有灰白的頂端與點 (參考文獻 2,1887,1904,2989,6465,7248,52193) 有時也那是看得見的在尾鰭中.(參考文獻 2,52307) 3個突出的黑色斑點在鰓蓋的後面的部分上位於側面 (參考文獻 2,1887,2989,6465,12524,13337,54048) 與一個黑色斑點之上。 (參考文獻 2,1887,2989,12524,13337,54048) 這 3個屍體斑點從一個早的年齡 (參考文獻 12524,13337) 通常是看得見的, 而且在小的標本中更明顯.(參考文獻 6465) 在繁殖期的雄性身體與鰭顏色中變得比較明亮的, 藉由紅色的接縫在變得更密集 (參考文獻 2,7248,12524,13337,52193,52307) 的鰭上與吻部與頰呈現一個深的褐紅色的顏色.(參考文獻 12524,13337,54048) 尾鰭可能完全地出現紅色。 (參考文獻 52307) 稚魚在身體 (參考文獻 6465,7248,12524,13337,52193) 與 3-4個側面中央的斑點上銀色的有 6-9條不規則的細橫帶。 (參考文獻 13337) 幼魚有 吳郭魚 -標誌, 消失，或者在 ca 7 公分 SL 變成鰭的條紋花紋的部份; 向上到 ca 10個公分 SL 縱帶在身體上可能成為主流，而且側面中央的斑點可能是模糊的或不存在; 6-10個模糊的縱帶在死的魚中出現。 (參考文獻 2)
Occurs in both river and swamp habitats and is adapted to fairly fast-flowing rivers (Ref. 6465). Hardy, tolerating fresh and brackish water (up to 20ppt, Ref. 3), preferring slow-flowing or standing water; adults occupy deep open waters, juveniles remain inshore among vegetation (Ref. 7248, 52193). Prefers fairly deep, quiet water with some weed cover; hippo pools are a favoured retreat (Ref. 12524, 13337). Forms schools (Ref. 2, 12524, 13337). Mainly diurnal; a detritivore which feeds on fine particulate matter (Ref. 2), including algae (Ref. 246, 12524, 13337, 53992), diatoms, detritus (Ref. 7248, 52193, 53992) and zooplankton (Ref. 7248, 52193). Larger individuals also take insects and other invertebrates (Ref. 53992). Feeding regime is variable, the diet changes according to food availability (Ref. 6465). Female mouthbrooder (Ref. 87, 246, 6465, 12524, 13337). Fine angling and table species (Ref. 6465, 12524, 13337).
出現於河和沼澤棲息地而且被適應非常快速流動的河。 (參考文獻 2,6465) 堅強地, 容忍淡水與半鹹淡的水 (提高到 20?, 參考文獻 3), 偏愛緩慢流動的或靜止的水域; 成魚佔領深的開放水域, 稚魚在植物之中保持近海。 (參考文獻 7248,52193) 偏愛相當深的, 靜止的水域有一些雜草表面; 河馬水池是受優惠的休息寓所。 (參考文獻 12524,13337) 形成魚群。 (參考文獻 2,12524,13337) 主要日行性; 吃細的微粒子的一個吃碎屑者有重大關係 (參考文獻 2), 包括藻類 (參考文獻 246,12524,13337,53992) ，矽藻，碎屑 (參考文獻 7248,52193,53992) 與浮游動物。 (參考文獻 7248,52193) 較大的個體也帶昆蟲與其他的無脊椎動物。 (參考文獻 53992) 進食政權是可變的, 食性改變根據獲得食物。 (參考文獻 6465) 雌性的口孵者.(參考文獻 87,246,6465,12524,13337) 細的釣魚與表格種.(參考文獻 6465,12524,13337)
Life cycle and mating behavior
成熟度 | 繁殖 | 產卵場 | 卵 | 孕卵數 | 仔魚
Spawning did not occur in ponds at a temperature below 21°C (Ref. 2). Rarely more than one brood in a season (Ref. 87, 246), but known to breed at least twice a year under pond conditions (Ref. 12524, 13337). Males excavate saucer-shaped nests (Ref. 246, 314, 6465, 12524, 13337, 54048) that can be up to 75cm in diameter and 30cm deep, using mouth and fins (Ref. 2, 314, 52307), in the center of their territory (Ref. 52307), on a sandy substrate (any vegetation is uprooted with its mouth) and in water from 1-3m deep, where they display to attract females (Ref. 12524, 13337, 54048). Up to 40 nests can be found together (Ref. 6465). Females are the primary care-givers (Ref. 52307), moutbrooding eggs, larvae and fry; multiple broods are raised during the warmer months (Ref. 7248, 52193). She lays her eggs in the concavity on top of the nest, the male fertilizes the eggs whereupon the female takes the eggs into her mouth where they are incubated; males guard the nest and females against all intruders; parental care is exercised for the first few weeks after the eggs hatch (Ref. 12524, 13337).非洲: Ngami 流域, 奧塔萬戈河; 庫內內河與 Mossamedes, 安哥拉; 尚比西河上游, Kafue 河; 自從水壩的建築以後的中央尚比西河，卡裡巴湖與卡布拉巴薩。 引入後的一些國家報告不利的生態衝擊。
Trewavas, E., 1983. Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakilia. British Mus. Nat. Hist., London, UK. 583 p. (Ref. 2)
人類使用
漁業: 商業性; 養殖: 商業性; 游釣魚種: 是的
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Estimates based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref.
82804): PD
50 = 0.5000 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.01622 (0.01262 - 0.02083), b=2.98 (2.94 - 3.02), in cm total length, based on LWR estimates for this species (Ref.
93245).
營養階層 (Ref.
69278): 2.1 ±0.0 se; based on diet studies.
回復力 (Ref.
120179): 中等的, 族群倍增時間最少 1.4 - 4.4年 (K=0.17-0.22; tm=4; tmax=13).
Fishing Vulnerability (Ref.
59153): Moderate vulnerability (40 of 100).
